1. CGS initiatives in seismology in eastern and southern African countries 2 nd AfricaArray Workshop 26-27 February 2005 Palmanova, Italy Gerhard Graham

2. Framework of Presentation Brief description of networks CGS is involved in: –Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, –Swaziland and Lesotho –Namibia (in progress) Involvement in AfricaArray Components of a CGS seismic station Data formats and management Lab facilities and technical support for the network operations Communication Support to Indian Ocean Tsunami Early Warning System Conclusions

3. Seismicity of Sub-Saharan Africa

4. CGS involvement in Seismology in Africa ESAF Working Group on Seismology: - Ethiopia (1995) - Malawi (1996) – Zimbabwe (1996) SADC: - CGS has been producing SADC regional bulletins since 1998 - Sixth Eastern & Southern Africa Regional Seismological Workshop on Seismic Hazard Analysis held in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe in 1996. Mozambique co-funding: - Training of seismic instrumentation technicians, seismic analysts Course on Seismology and Seismic Hazard in collaboration with GFZ in 2003 Regional Workshops in partnership with CTBTO 1996, 1997, 2004

5. Networks Outside South Africa

7. CGS commitment to AfricaArray Pledged 11 stations from the SANSN as AfricaArray stations Data from the AfricaArray stations operated by the CGS will flow to the CGS Seismology Unit in Pretoria, where the data will be converted into miniSEED File header will be created with the Portable Data Collection Center (PDCC) software from IRIS Provision of technical training Post-graduate training of own staff

8. CGS involvement in AfricaArray CGS can assist in: –the installation, –the training of local operators and –the maintenance of the seismic stations CGS will be able to provide lab facilities and technical support for the network operations, and a base for a technical coordinator

9. SANSN Incorporating: Broadband upgrade Stations committed to the AfricaArray

10. Components of seismic station

11. EARS seismograph development EARS Alpha (1999) SPECIFICATIONS Record 1-64 channels with 2-24 bit resolution Compatible with many off the shelf digitisers Continuous data recording with adjustable ring buffers User selectable digital filtering on preferred channels Applied triggering algorithm single or multiple channels with sensitivity adjustment Operates under most popular operating systems Logfile recording for monitoring system operation and performance EARS Delta (2001) EARS Omega (2002) EARS Sigma (2002) EARS Delta + (2003)

12. Data Formats Seisan: –Nordic format either binary or ASCII, internal to the SEISAN program. –Nordic to miniSEED ISS: –binary data, wave form and header (description) are kept in separate files. Converted to Nordic format for analysis. Seed: –Internationally known format. Can be converted to Nordic format using SUN Solaris software. Nanometrics: –X and Y files extracted from ringbuffers are converted to Nordic format. ISC: –FFB files, data are extracted and converted to Nordic format for inclusion into SEISAN data banks.

13. Data Management Download from remote stations via cellular / land modem Digital data (SEISAN) Waveforms from remote stations are analysed, compared and combined for each event Involved location procedure to identify each epicentre Stored in databank Published bulletin of located events Source and spectral parameters available to public, clients, insurance enquiries and seismic hazard assessments

14. Laboratory Facilities Human More than 40 years experience in seismic instrumentation –4 full time technicians –1 part-time technician Extensive knowledge in designing and construction of seismograph systems. Extensive experience in site survey, construction, installation and maintenance of seismograph stations, in more than 6 southern African countries. Experience with radio telemetry, modem and satellite communications. Knowledge of different seismograph systems, such as the EARS, ISS, Nanometric, Quanterra and IRIS systems. Instrumentation Testing equipment such as digital oscilloscopes, multi-meters, communications testers, frequency counters, frequency generators, battery testers and transmission line testers. Space to set-up, calibrate and test more than 10 seismograph systems concurrently. Seismic sensors such as: short-period –Mark Products L4-C and L4-3D, –Geotech S13, –Sensor Netherland SM6, broadband –Guralp CMG-40T –Geotech KS2000 –Streckeisen STS2

15. Communication Dependent on location and topography of remote sites Cellular Modems –Advantages: telephonic network isolation limits effect of electrostatic discharges (lightning) –Disadvantages: expensive call rates, limited band width (9600 baud) Landline Modems –Advantages: improved data transmission speed –Disadvantages: equipment exposed to lightning damage Radio Telemetry –Advantages: utilised in small networks (Lesotho, Swaziland, client) Internet –Disadvantage: not available at all remote sites, satellite communication and licensing fees expensive WLAN –Advantage: communication with TCP/IP link Storage Media –Advantage: communication in rural areas not available, data is stored on external removable storage device such as ZIP or Flash disk, operator performs data retrieval regularly and couriers data to central site (Malawi and Mozambique)

16. Communication in Africa Investigations underway into Internet Very Small Aperture Terminal (IVSAT) Makes use of satellite communication

17. Supporting a tsunami early warning system

18. Conclusions Not the first attempt to increase the number of seismic stations in eastern and southern Africa, and link these to a regional data center For the first time it is seen as a single unit The SANSN and the facilities at the CGS and other parts of eastern and southern Africa could form the initial backbone of the proposed AfricaArray The long term maintenance and support of the stations and facilities of the AfricaArray will require strong international partnerships and local commitment Data communication is a weakness that should be addressed in more detail as the plans for the AfricaArray develop The CGS is in full support of the AfricaArray and will participate in the development of the facilities of this network, data processing, analyses and interpretation and training programmes The potential role of an AfricaArray network to provide primary information to a Disaster Management Centre for tsunami warnings in the Indian Ocean should be explored

19. Thank you!