1. Participatory Budgeting step-by-step guidelines justification and contextual analysis for insertion of the program in African cities Consultancy Team Leonardo Avritzer Alexander Cambraia N. Vaz

2. Work Guidelines Objectives and criteria Steps of the work: 3 parts Part I Differentiation of socioeconomic conditions of Brazil from the socioeconomic conditions of the African countries intended to implement PB; Part II Systematization of the characteristic of eleven Brazilian cities considered as PB successful cases, belonged to the PB Brazilian web; Part III analysis of the possibilities of extension of some of those Brazilian experiments elements to Africa.

3. Infrastructure comparison Local contexts Comparison of socio-demographic data between the countries South Africa MadagascarCameroonMozambique Brazil Human development index value0.6740.5330.5320.3840.800 Human Poverty Index23.535.831.850.69.7 Probability at birth of not surviving to age 4031.724.435.745.09 Population not using an improved water source1250345710 Population, annual growth rate2.12.92.72.2 Population using improved sanitation6534513275 Population using an improved water source8340503683 8850664390 Infant mortality rate557487100 Under-five mortality rate68119149145 Gini index57.847.544.647.357.0 Source: Human Development Report, 2007 PNUD

4. Infrastructure comparison Local contexts Two main observations  There are similar deficiencies in the access of public goods for both countries, although African ones are now in the same situation of the context Brazil dealt in the final of the authoritarian period with regards to sanitation access (and below regarding the access to improved water source;  If we take the GINI index as an indirect indicator of the bad distribution of public goods, all countries are found in similar positions, with Brazil having more inequalities in this access in comparison to the average of the African countries. Therefore, it is possible to assert that structural questions that motivated the introduction of PB are present in Africa.

5. Infrastructure comparison Local contexts Comparison of socioeconomic data of the cities with PB Source: Human Development Atlas, PNUD VitóriaRecifeFortalezaGuarulhosOsascoEmbú Belo Horizonte Porto Alegre Várzea Paulista BiguaçuMaragogipe Human development index 0,8560,7970,7860,7980,8180,7720,8390,8650,795 0,8180,634 Human Poverty Index 43,3144,7743,7350,6448,8153,2740,6442,9948,11 36,8657,08 Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 7,0410,549,788,116,57,537,56,795,94 3,9511,81 Population not using an improved water source 2,5612,2311,493,481,425,631,962,25,12 1,6251,32 Population, annual growth rate 12,968,6021,0836,3515,3033,1310,818,6834,65 38,793,87 Population using improved sanitation 95,7384,2384,0395,2796,6192,3496,995,4194,5 95,6441,96 Infant mortality rate 26,7329,7834,5719,7615,6218,2627,2518,0614,21 12,9236,1 Under-five mortality rate 29,0247,5254,5922,617,8820,8829,8318,3316,27 12,9356,58 Gini index0,610,870,780,40,380,450,620,610,43 0,50,55

6. Assessing PB successful cases Administrative organization of PB Legal/Formal instrument for PB % Law36,4 Internal rules54,5 NA9,1 Total100 Administrative allocation of PB % Planning Secretary36,4 Sector directly subordinated to the Executive branch 63,6 Total 100,0 PB timing cycle % Annual54,5 Biannual36,4 Quadriannual9,1 Total100,0 Sub-regional performing of PB % No9,1 Yes90,9 Total100,0 Structuring and managing PB Source: Data collected for the present research

7. Assessing PB successful cases Dynamicity of PB Distributive criteria in PB Resources distribution criteria % Regiona penury/ (IQVU)63,6 Social Politic18,2 Participation18,2 Total100,0 Adoption of objective distributional criteria Data source: PB survey “REDE OP” Source: Data collected for the present research

8. Assessing PB successful cases Dynamicity of PB Participation in PB Administrative division and type of participation potentialized Data source: PB survey “REDE OP”

9. Assessing PB successful cases Dynamicity of PB Participation in PB PB Council composition and criteria for admission Data source: PB survey “REDE OP”

10. Assessing PB successful cases Dynamicity of PB Resources allocation and prospection in PB Source: Data collected for the present research Resources distribution criteria % Regiona penury/ (IQVU)63,6 Social Politic18,2 Participation18,2 Total100,0 PB financial resources origin % Specific projects36,4 Own tax revenues63,6 Total100,0 Source: Data collected for the present research

11. Assessing PB successful cases Monitoring and Evaluation Resources allocation and prospection in PB Source: Data collected for the present research Existence of monitoring instance % No27,3 Yes72,7 Total100,0 Existence of PB evaluation mechanism % No54,5 Yes45,5 Total100,0 Monitoring and evaluating organism Data source: PB survey “REDE OP”

12. Recommedations PB in perspective  PB´s introduction should involve some kind of legal legislation or guideline  Using, as much as possible, regional decentralization criteria  It is important to determine the resources available and the relation between own resources and external resources  It is worth making some suggestions on the public control field