1. Senior University Georgetown Winter 2013 Creating Pathways for Ancient Peoples Session 3 Out of Africa and into the northern Temperate Zone Our new reference check-outs

2. GEOLOGY BOOKS! books & sign-out sheet on back table... book list is on the website

3. Geology in the News

5. Geology in the News From the New York Times Feb. 3, 2013 The broad picture: oil & gas from shales Amazing opportunities to use horizontal drilling in California

6. Focus on California

7. Large areas in California where the largest gas and oil reserves are locked in the Monterey Shale

8. In addition to the Monterey, large complex, old California oil fields will yield very large oil through horizontal drilling: e.g. Midway-Sunset oil field

9. San Joaquin Basin Santa Barbra Basin Midway-Sunset oil field 584 million bbls remaining The Monterey source shale is prospective in all these basins First let’s look at the Midway-Sunset field

10. Midway-Sunset oil field Midway-Sunset oil field: 3 billion bbls the largest oil field in California

11. Santa Barbara Channel oil well blow-out, 1959

12. Santa Barbara Channel oil well blow-out, 1959 Santa Barbara Channel oil well blow-out, 1959

14. Geologic Cross-Section Now, back to our Session 3

15. Now, back to our Session 3 Remember Sandi has taken us to: 1. Tanzania where fossils record the advent of the human race 2. then to South Africa where early humans migrated south from Tanzania And today Rocky will take us to France where early humans migrated north from Tanzania into Europe Photo by Rocky Romero Sunset from the Eifel Tower Where have fossils of Homo sapiens been found?

16. Location & Age of fossils of Homo sapiens 150,000 YBP 115,000 YBP 100,000 YBP 120,000 YBP 20,000 YBP Let’s start in Tanzania & migrate to South Africa If you were an early Homo sapiens why would you want to leave?

17. Tropics Temperate climate If you were an early human, why would you leave Tanzania We’re in the early Stone Age and there are too many humans trying to live by hunting & gathering here So where will you go? Down one of the rivers to the coast or down the highlands that are like your home in Tanzania? Let’s look at a topographic map and see where the highlands will take us

18. Tropics Temperate climate How did early humans get from Tanzania to South Africa? We don’t know, but they could have gone down the rivers Or they could have followed the highland hills which are like where they had lived? Possible migration routes out of the East African Rift Focus on the topography of Africa south of Tanzania

19. South Africa Let’s look at these countries and see if they had the natural resources to become great nations Remember Tanzania Location of advent of humans Early Human Migration South to South Africa In what present-day countries would these first humans have settled on their way to South Africa? Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, & South Africa

20. No farm land, just grazing land, and no Cu, Sn, Fe, or coal Tanzania Next, Mozambique Rift lakes are the southern extension of the East African Rift System Tanzania Long Narrow Rift Valley Lakes

21. A quick look at Mozambique Countries from Tanzania to South Africa Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, & South Africa

22. Mozambique Mozambique up close

23. Mozambique up close Indian Ocean Mozambique: No farmland but has iron and coal Next, Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

24. Can you find Zimbabwe?

25. Google Earth: Zimbabwe Remember the large farming areas in Zimbabwe? Google Earth: focus on Zimbabwe Mozambique Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)

26. Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

27. Zimbabwe up close

28. Harare Zimbabwe up close Farm land in the Tropics! Harare Can we find the farmland on Google Earth?

29. Google Earth: Focus on Zimbabwe (former Southern Rhodesia): Looking for farming areas Area 1 Area 2

30. Looking for farming areas on Google Earth, Area 1

31. Looking for farming areas on Google Earth, Area 2 Why are we interested in farming and grazing areas? They along with iron, coal, and oil have shaped human history from the beginning Does Zimbabwe have any iron or coal?

32. Harare Zimbabwe up close Farm land in the Tropics! Harare With farmland, iron and coal, was this a important African country

33. African Nations Tropics

35. South Africa South Africa: is out of the Tropics! has a major river, the Orange Tropics What did early humans find when they migrated into the country that is now South Africa? What else does the land of South Africa have?

37. Topographic Map; Southern Africa What route did first humans take to get to South Africa?

38. Some interesting Information sources