1. Unit 6 The Middle Ages

2. The Roman Empire Falls The decline of the Roman Empire led to the MIDDLE AGES – THE PERIOD IN EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM ABOUT 500 TO 1500 The decline of the Roman Empire led to the MIDDLE AGES – THE PERIOD IN EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM ABOUT 500 TO 1500 While Asia flourished, Europe fell apart While Asia flourished, Europe fell apart

3. There was a:  Disruption of trade  Downfall of Cities  Population shift  People Moved to rural areas

4. A shift in culture Decline of Learning Decline of Learning Invaders do not read or write Invaders do not read or write No schools in the country No schools in the country Only Church officials read and write Only Church officials read and write

5. Loss of a Common Language Loss of a Common Language Use of Latin declines Use of Latin declines Local languages thrive Local languages thrive French, Spanish, etc. French, Spanish, etc. This adds to disunity This adds to disunity

6. Government Changes Government Changes Invaders stressed personal loyalty and ties to local leaders Invaders stressed personal loyalty and ties to local leaders Unwritten laws govern Unwritten laws govern Don’t obey kings, government officials, etc. Don’t obey kings, government officials, etc.

7. Christianity spreads Christianity spreads Catholic Church adapts to rural lifestyle by building MONASTERIES – RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES Catholic Church adapts to rural lifestyle by building MONASTERIES – RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES

8. Church’s power grows Church’s power grows Pope Gregory I made the pope’s office a secular – worldly power involved in government. Pope Gregory I made the pope’s office a secular – worldly power involved in government.

9. Charlemagne

10. A Frankish King who lived from 742 to 814 AD A Frankish King who lived from 742 to 814 AD

11. Stressed the importance of education Stressed the importance of education Spread Christianity through his conquests Spread Christianity through his conquests Reunited Europe once again under the largest empire since Ancient Rome Reunited Europe once again under the largest empire since Ancient Rome

12. After Charlemagne died… Civil War breaks out Civil War breaks out Charlemagne’s grandsons fight for the crown. Charlemagne’s grandsons fight for the crown. Empire is divided into three parts.  Empire is divided into three parts. 

13. Charlemagne’s Empire Divided

14. The period after Charlemagne’s death would be the darkest time in European history… The period after Charlemagne’s death would be the darkest time in European history…

15. The start of Feudalism Post-Charlemagne Europe is dangerous Post-Charlemagne Europe is dangerous Feudalism, which is based on mutual obligations, develops. Feudalism, which is based on mutual obligations, develops.

16. FEUDALISM – A POLITICAL SYSTEM IN WHICH NOBLES ARE GRANTED THE USE OF LANDS THAT LEGALLY BELONG TO THEIR KING, IN EXCHANGE FOR THEIR LOYALTY, MILITARY SERVICE, AND PROTECTION OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE ON THE LAND. FEUDALISM – A POLITICAL SYSTEM IN WHICH NOBLES ARE GRANTED THE USE OF LANDS THAT LEGALLY BELONG TO THEIR KING, IN EXCHANGE FOR THEIR LOYALTY, MILITARY SERVICE, AND PROTECTION OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE ON THE LAND.

17. How does Feudalism work? Lords give Fiefs to Vassals Lords give Fiefs to Vassals LORD – LANDOWNER WHO GRANTS FIEFS. LORD – LANDOWNER WHO GRANTS FIEFS. FIEF – A PIECE OF LAND GRANTED TO A VASSAL. FIEF – A PIECE OF LAND GRANTED TO A VASSAL. VASSAL – THE PERSON RECEIVING THE FIEF; OFTEN A KNIGHT OR SERF. VASSAL – THE PERSON RECEIVING THE FIEF; OFTEN A KNIGHT OR SERF.

18. SERFS – PEASANTS WHO COULD NOT LEGALLY LEAVE THE PLACE WHERE THEY WERE BORN. SERFS – PEASANTS WHO COULD NOT LEGALLY LEAVE THE PLACE WHERE THEY WERE BORN. KNIGHTS – MOUNTED WARRIORS WHO PLEDGED TO DEFEND THEIR LORDS’ LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR A FIEF. KNIGHTS – MOUNTED WARRIORS WHO PLEDGED TO DEFEND THEIR LORDS’ LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR A FIEF.

19. Class Structure King Church Official Nobles Knights Peasants

20. Manors MANOR – THE LORD’S ESTATE MANOR – THE LORD’S ESTATE Made up of the lord’s manor house or castle, a church, serfs’ homes, farmland, and workshops. Made up of the lord’s manor house or castle, a church, serfs’ homes, farmland, and workshops.

21. How does a Manor work? Lord provides serfs with housing, farmland, and protection. Lord provides serfs with housing, farmland, and protection. Serfs take care of land and animals and pledge loyalty to lord. Serfs take care of land and animals and pledge loyalty to lord.

22. Life as a Serf Lived in crowded cottages. Lived in crowded cottages. Simple diets – mostly breads and soups (barley) Simple diets – mostly breads and soups (barley) Never left home Never left home Lots of restrictions Lots of restrictions

23. Women worked as hard as men. Women worked as hard as men. Paid many taxes, including tithes – a church tax Paid many taxes, including tithes – a church tax Believed God determined their lives. Believed God determined their lives.

24. Why were there knights? Knights protected the lord’s land Knights protected the lord’s land There were constant battles between lords There were constant battles between lords They were rewarded with land They were rewarded with land

25. How to become a knight in 3 easy steps… 1) Become a page (Age 7) * Move to another castle * Learn courtly manners * Play chess * Practice sword fighting

26. 2) Become a squire (Age 14) * Become servant to a knight * Take care of armor, horse and weapons * Escort knight to battles battles

27. 3) Knighthood (Age 21) * Knighting Ceremony

28. How Knights Lived Knights lived by a code of CHIVALRY – A COMPLEX CODE OF BEHAVIOR FOR KNIGHTS REQUIRING DEVOTION TO THE LORD, LADY, AND GOD AND STRESSING COURAGE, LOYALTY, AND DEVOTION. Knights lived by a code of CHIVALRY – A COMPLEX CODE OF BEHAVIOR FOR KNIGHTS REQUIRING DEVOTION TO THE LORD, LADY, AND GOD AND STRESSING COURAGE, LOYALTY, AND DEVOTION.

29. The Knights Code of Chivalry and the vows of Knighthood To fear God and maintain His Church To serve the liege lord in valour and faith To protect the weak and defenceless To give succour to widows and orphans To refrain from the wanton giving of offence To live by honour and for glory To despise pecuniary reward To fight for the welfare of all To obey those placed in authority To guard the honour of fellow knights To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit To keep faith At all times to speak the truth To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun To respect the honour of women Never to refuse a challenge from an equal Never to turn the back upon a foe

30. Knights Also fought in mock battles called tournaments Knights Also fought in mock battles called tournaments These helped keep them trained for war These helped keep them trained for war

31. Warfare (p. 329) Defense Boiling Water Hot Oil Molten Lead Crossbows/ArrowsOffenseMantlet Siege Tower Battering Ram TortoiseMangonelTrebuchet

32. Literature Downplayed real-life brutality of the Middle Ages Downplayed real-life brutality of the Middle Ages Glorified knights Glorified knights Idealized castles Idealized castles Characters showed Characters showed medieval ideals of courage and faith Legend of King Arthur Legend of King Arthur

33. In what ways does this painting capture the “Age of Chivalry?”

34. The Crusades In 1093, the Byzantine emperor called for help against invasion by Muslim Turks. In 1093, the Byzantine emperor called for help against invasion by Muslim Turks. “Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight…And in your coming, you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you.” “Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight…And in your coming, you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you.” --Emperor Alexius Comnenus --Emperor Alexius Comnenus

35. In 1095 AD, the first crusade was called for by POPE URBAN II – THE POPE WHO CALLED FOR THE FIRST CRUSADE In 1095 AD, the first crusade was called for by POPE URBAN II – THE POPE WHO CALLED FOR THE FIRST CRUSADE CRUSADE – HOLY WAR CRUSADE – HOLY WAR Goal: to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims Goal: to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims

37. What drives the Crusades? Religion - Belief that God wills it Religion - Belief that God wills it Gets rid of troublesome knights who fight each other Gets rid of troublesome knights who fight each other Dead get a place in heaven Dead get a place in heaven Economic - Merchants profit from making loans to finance Crusades Economic - Merchants profit from making loans to finance Crusades Want control of Muslim trade routes Want control of Muslim trade routes

38. Key players Saladin(1138-1193) Muslim leader Muslim leader Devout, honest, brave Devout, honest, brave Conquered Jerusalem Conquered Jerusalem Richard the Lion-Hearted(1157-1199) English king English king Left England to fight in Crusades Left England to fight in Crusades Ruthless defeat of Muslims at Acre Ruthless defeat of Muslims at Acre

39. Crusades Timeline 1097 – 1 st Crusade – Christians take Jerusalem 1097 – 1 st Crusade – Christians take Jerusalem 1144 – 2 nd Crusade – Muslims unsuccessful 1144 – 2 nd Crusade – Muslims unsuccessful 1187 – Third Crusade – Jerusalem reconquered by Muslims 1187 – Third Crusade – Jerusalem reconquered by Muslims 1212 – Children’s Crusade 1212 – Children’s Crusade

40. The Spanish Inquisition The Reconquista - the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain led to many unjust trials and executions in Europe. The Reconquista - the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain led to many unjust trials and executions in Europe. The church also got involved with the INQUISITION – CHURCH COURT THAT TRIED PEOPLE SUSPECTED OF HERESY IN THE 1400S IN SPAIN The church also got involved with the INQUISITION – CHURCH COURT THAT TRIED PEOPLE SUSPECTED OF HERESY IN THE 1400S IN SPAIN

41. Spanish Inquisition

42. Effects of the Crusades Hatred between Muslims and Christians grows Hatred between Muslims and Christians grows Thousands of deaths Thousands of deaths Trade grows between Europe and Middle East Trade grows between Europe and Middle East Crusaders learn new technology from Muslims Crusaders learn new technology from Muslims Power of feudal nobles weakens Power of feudal nobles weakens