1. MOLECULAR GENETICS

2. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid 1953- James Watson and Francis Crick discover the structure of the DNA molecule DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder)

4. The sides of molecule are: 1. a sugar molecule called deoxyribose 2. a phosphate group

5. The middle molecules are called: Nitrogen bases

6. There are four nitrogen bases: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

7. Nucleotide- the building block molecule of DNA 1 sugar 1 phosphate group 1 nitrogen base

8. Nitrogen base pairs Adenine always pairs with Thymine Guanine always pairs with Cytosine (Often called Complimentary base pairs) The bases are held together with Hydrogen bonds

9. Functions of DNA: 1.Replication- so that genetic material and information is passed from one generation to another and to succeeding cells 2.Control of cellular activities: DNA carries the code for assembling enzymes and other proteins that cells need

10. Quiz: answer these questions on a piece of paper 1.Describe the basic structure of DNA. 2.Describe the parts of a nucleotide. 3.What are the complimentary base pairs? 4.What type of bond holds nucleotides together?

11. DNA Replication DNA makes a copy of itself just before the cell divides

12. Steps of replication: 1.DNA double helix molecule unwinds and unzips. 2. New DNA nucleotides find their complimentary base pair. 3. Results in two identical molecules of DNA

16. The amount of Adenine is equal to the amount of Thymine and the amount of Cytosine is equal to the amount of Guanine

17. *********** REMEMBER A GENE IS A SECTION OF DNA THAT CODES FOR A PROTEIN! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Each chromosome has many genes!!!

18. Gene (DNA) RNA formation Protein formation Cell structureCell enzymes Cell function

19. CENTRAL DOGMA DNA RNA PROTEIN

20. RNA- ribonucleic acid 1.The sugar in RNA is ribose 2.RNA is single stranded 3.The nitrogen base uracil replaces thymine (what base is complimentary to Uracil)

21. RNA transcription- DNA is used as a template for producing an RNA molecule

22. How does RNA form? 1. DNA is used as a template (model) to make RNA 2. RNA has three forms: messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

23. 3. The molecule of DNA unwinds and unzips 4. One side of DNA acts as a template for producing a complimentary RNA strand 5. RNA molecules strip away from DNA, leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm

24. RNA now has the instructions for how to make a specific protein.

29. Triplet codon Every three bases on the RNA molecule code for the placement of a specific amino acid FOR EXAMPLE: UCG AAA CCU Tryptophanlysineproline

31. RNA will travel to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis

32. Transfer RNA- tRNA tRNA has an anticodon Anticodon- three nitrogen bases that are complimentary to the triplet codon of mRNA

33. Transfer RNA (tRNA) Function- to carry amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome

35. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS tRNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome the anticodon on tRNA finds its complimentary triplet codon on mRNA

37. When the amino acids are next to each other they form a bond, and as amino acids are added to the chain, a protein forms