1. WRITE the QUESTIONS and ANSWER!!!
Do Now
WRITE the QUESTIONS and ANSWER!!!
What macromolecule is DNA?
What is the subunit of DNA?
What is the shape of DNA?
Where is the DNA located in a Eukaryotic Cell?
What are the 4 Nitrogen bases?
Adenine matches to _______
Guanine matches to _______
A segment of DNA has 500 bases, 30% are Adenine:
How many T?
How many G?
How many C?

2. What is DNA REPLICATION?
NEW cells are made by copying
OLD cells
Before a cell divides, you have to
copy or REPLICATE the DNA
REVIEW!
What stage of the cell cycle does
DNA Replication happen in?

3. When does DNA Replication occur?
During S –Phase of INTERPHASE
S-Phase = Synthesis Phase
The DNA Replicates (copies itself ) to prepare for cell division (MITOSIS!!!)

4. Why does DNA REPLICATE? To get ready for cell division
So each new cell has the same exact DNA!

5. What are the STEPS for DNA Replication?
An Enzyme “UNZIPS” the 2 strands of DNA by breaking the weak Hydrogen bonds
New nucleotides are added to the old stand
REVIEW: A = T and C = G
Another Enzyme “ZIPS” the strands back up
DNA Polymerase (an enzyme) “proofreads” the strands to make sure there are no MISTAKES!
What do you think
might happen if
there are mistakes?!

6. What is the ROLE of ENZYMES?
Enzymes help to:
1. Split the DNA in half
Put DNA back together
Proofread for any mistakes in the base pairs

7. How is DNA Replication SEMI-CONSERVATIVE?
When the DNA copies itself, it always has HALF of the parental (OLD) strand and HALF of the daughter (NEW) strand
In other words: the DNA is HALF OLD and HALF NEW

9. What are MUTATIONS? Changes in the genetic code (DNA)
Can be: positive, negative or neutral
Causes: UV radiation, chemicals, bad DNA proofreading
Can lead to CANCER

10. Stations Station 1: DNA Replication Practice
Station 2: Modeling DNA Replication

11. DNA Complimentary Base Pairing
With you group, create a nucleotide with the parts you have
-Pay special attention to what should connect
One group will line up in a straight line
Next the Complimentary pairs will match up

12. Protein Synthesis

13. How do your cells make PROTEINS?
There are steps for turning the code in your DNA into PROTEINS in the process of protein synthesis (to MAKE proteins)
Processes:
DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation

14. What are the KEY PLAYERS in Protein Synthesis?
DNA
RNA
Ribosomes
Proteins

15. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNA & RNA?
Function
Provides instructions for making proteins
Delivers the message to the Ribosome to make proteins
Organic Molecule
Nucleic Acid
# of Strands
Double Stranded
Single Stranded
Sugar
Deoxyribose Sugar
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogen Bases
A, T, G, C
A, U, G, C
Location(s) Found
Nucleus
Nucleus & Cytoplasm

16. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RNA?
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-Carries the DNA code to the Ribosome
-Bring the recipe to the factory
-Links Amino Acids together
-Delivers the ingredients
-Makes up the Ribosome
-The necklace factory

17. DNA vs. RNA Partner Matching
With your partner, match each characteristic with either DNA or RNA
When you are done, create a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting DNA & RNA using your matching activity.
You must create at least 4 similarities!
Write one paragraph comparing and contrasting DNA and RNA.
Do this independently!

18. Compare & Contrast

19. What is the CENTRAL DOGMA?
DNA  (transcription)  RNA  (translation) PROTEIN  (trait)

20. What is a GENE?
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for 1 specific protein
There are thousands of genes in your DNA
There are steps for turning a gene (DNA) into a protein through protein synthesis

21. DNA Practice Problems

22. Re-Writing the DNA code in a slightly different language!
What is TRANSCRIPTION?
The GOAL of TRANSCRIPTION is to turn DNA into an mRNA message
DNA  mRNA message
Re-Writing the DNA code in a slightly different language!

23. Where does Transcription take place?
IN THE NUCLEUS!!!
The DNA can NEVER leave the nucleus
SO, the mRNA must go into the nucleus to pick up the DNA code to bring to the RIBOSOMES

24. What are the STEPS of Transcription?
DNA Polymerase (enzyme!) unzips the DNA
Uses the DNA template to make an mRNA (messanger RNA): remember, RNA uses U instead of T
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm

25. YOU TRY
DNA: A – T – C – C – G – A – G – T – T – A
mRNA:

26. Transcription Stations
Station 1: Transcription Practice
Station 2: Practice EOC Questions

27. So… Now we know the DNA codes for the proteins that need to be made..
And, that mRNA picks that code up and brings it to the ribosome.
But…then what?

28. Lost in Translation What does translation mean?
When have you had to translate something?

29. What is TRANSLATION? RNAPROTEIN
The GOAL of TRANSLATION is the link amino acids together to make PROTEINS
RNAPROTEIN

30. Where does TRANSLATION take place?
The CYTOPLASM and RIBOSOMES
CYTOPLASM: because the mRNA travels our of the nucleus into the cytoplasm on the way to the Ribosome
RIBOSOME: because this is where the proteins are actually made

31. What are the STEPS of Translation?
mRNA attaches to the ribosome
Ribosome “reads” the mRNA groups in THREE BASES = a CODON
a. Each CODON codes for a certain amino acid
A tRNA molecule comes along with the right ANTICODON to match the CODON
CODON = AAA ANTICODON =
CODON = UAG ANTICODON =
The tRNA molecules “carries” the amino acids and links them together with PEPTIDE bonds to make a PROTEIN

32. What is another name for PROTEINS?
POLYPEPTIDES because they are made of many PEPTIDE BONDS

33. IMPORTANT TERMS: CODON = is a set of THREE NITROGEN BASES
ONE CODON = ONE AMINO ACID
TRANSCRIPTION = DNA mRNA (in nucleus)
TRANSLATION = RNAPROTEIN (in cytoplasm/ribosome)

34. PROTEIN SYTHESIS ANALOGY: A COOKIE FACTORY
GALLERY WALK
PROTEIN SYTHESIS ANALOGY: A COOKIE FACTORY

35. The RIBOSOME is like… A necklace factory.
Because… The whole purpose of the factory is to make necklaces (proteins)

36. The DNA is like… The Boss
Because… it tells the factory workers which type of necklaces to make.

37. The mRNA is like… The Secretary
Because… it delivers the necklace recipes and orders to the factory
The Boss (DNA) tells the secretary (mRNA) which necklaces (proteins) need to be made
The secretary (mRNA) delivers the Boss’s (DNA) necklaces order to the factory (Ribosome)

38. The tRNA is like… The Delivery trucks
Because… it drops off the ingredients to the factory for the correct necklaces to be made
The trucks (tRNA) drop off the ingredients – the beads (amino acids) - to make the necklaces (proteins) that the Boss (DNA) ordered

39. So…
The Boss (DNA) gives the necklace orders and recipes to the Secretary (mRNA) to bring to the necklace factory (ribosomes).
The Delivery Trucks (tRNA) bring the ingredients (amino acids) to the necklace factory (ribosome), where the necklaces (proteins) are made and then shipped out

40. With your partner..
Take 1 minutes to discuss the analogy and how the necklace factory relates to protein synthesis

41. But… What does this actually look like?

42. Annotate your drawing along with me…

43. Check Point
1) The diagram above depicts the process of ______________________________ synthesis, or how the cell makes proteins from DNA.
2) What is the name of the process happening inside the nucleus?
3) In one sentence, explain what happens in the nucleus.
4) To what organelle does mRNA go to after the first step of protein synthesis?
5) What step of protein synthesis happens here?
6) Explain what happens during the process you identified above.

44. Autoville Practice
Using your knowledge of Protein Synthesis and the Cookie Analogy, Independently complete Autoville practice

45. Now… We know that the mRNA brings the recipe to make the proteins
And, the tRNA brings the right ingredients (amino acids) to make the proteins
And, the Ribosome actually puts the ingredients together to make the proteins
BUT… How does the tRNA know which amino acids to bring…?

46. GUIDED PRACTICE
Translation

47. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

48. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA CTA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

49. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA GCA
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

50. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA GGT
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

51. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA TTC CAC
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

52. TRANSCRIPTION RACE
DNA GTA CAT
Complementary Strand
mRNA
Amino Acids

53. TRANSCRIPTION RACE DNA CCT GTA TCA Complementary Strand mRNA
Amino Acids

54. PRACTICE
Protein synthesis
TAT

55. Codon Chart