1. Plant Anatomy

2. Basic plant anatomy 1 A. root root tip-roots grow at the tip
root hairs- increase absorptive surface area

3. Roots 1
Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food
fibrous roots (1)
mat of thin roots that spread out
monocots
tap roots (2)
1 large vertical root
also produces many small lateral, or secondary roots
dicots
root hairs (3)
increase absorptive surface area 2 3

4. Basic plant anatomy 2 B. shoot (stem) Nodes-where leaves attach Buds
Internodes-space between nodes
Buds
Meristems are where plant shoots grow
terminal or apical buds at top of stem
axillary buds- at base of leaf on stem
flower buds-produce flowers

5. Basic plant anatomy 3 C. leaves Cuticle- waterproof layer
Epidermis- covers top & bottom surface
mesophyll tissue
Palisade- columnar cells, with choloroplasts just below upper epidermis
Spongy- irregularly shaped cells with air spaces between them below palisade
veins (vascular bundles)

6. Leaves Function of leaves photosynthesis
Traps solar energy
Produces sugars (food)
gas exchange- occurs through pores called stomates
Guard cells open or close stomates-depends on water
Transpiration- water loss through the stomates

8. Plant adaptations Roots- Stems Tap root-used for food storage (carrot)
-rhizomes (iris) & stolons (strawberry)- used to make new plants
tubers- (potato) used for storage
Bulbs- (onion) buds used for storage & new plants

9. stolons (strawberries)
Modified shoots
stolons (strawberries)
rhizome (ginger)
tuber (potato)
bulb (onion)

10. Plant adaptations 3. Leaves
CAM & C4-photosynthesis- chemical adaptation for plants in hot climates
Enlarged darker leaf-jungle plants-low light
Spines & poisons- defense against herbivores
Thickened leaf- water storage
Tendrils- climbing plants- attach & support
Bright colors- leaves doing job of petals

11. colored leaves (poinsetta)
Modified leaves
tendrils (peas)
spines (cacti)
succulent leaves
colored leaves (poinsetta)

12. Interdependent systems
Both systems depend on the other
roots need sugars produced by photosynthetic leaves
shoots need water & minerals absorbed by roots
sugars
water & minerals

13. Vascular tissues Xylem move water & minerals up from roots
dead at maturity
only cell walls remain
transpirational pull hauls water up from roots

14. vessel elements
vessel element
dead cells
tracheids

15. sieve tube
companion cell
sieve plate
plasmodesmata
living cells

16. Phloem: food-conducting cells
carry sugars & nutrients throughout plant
sieve tube elements – Living at maturity
Keep cell membrane & cytoplasm
lose their nucleus & organelles
sieve plates — end walls — have pores to allow flow of food between cells
companion cells- attached to sieve tubes
run the cell- have nucleus & cell structures

17. Vascular tissue in stems
dicot
trees & shrubs
monocot
grasses & lilies
collect annual rings

18. Putting it all together
Obtaining raw materials
sunlight
leaves = solar collectors
CO2
stomates = gas exchange
H2O
uptake from roots
nutrients

19. Growing Cycles
Perennials - live several years, and reproduce many times Ex. woody plants
Annuals - plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season (grows, flowers, reproduces and dies)
Biennials - take two growing seasons to complete, reproduces in the second growing season

20. Growing Cycles
Plants grow only at their tips in regions called MERISTEMS
PRIMARY GROWTH makes a plant taller at roots and stems
SECONDARY GROWTH makes a plant wider, or adds woody tissue

21. How Old Is That Tree?
Tree Rings tell age of a tree, each ring for one growing season.This tree is 4 yrs old.
Spring wood- lighter colored, larger tubes
Darker colored, narrower tubes
VASCULAR CAMBIUM: makes xylem and phloem and forms the annual rings

22. Comparison of Monocots & Dicots

23. Monocots & dicots Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes
dicots (eudicot)
2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
leaves with network of veins
woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans
monocots
1 cotyledon
leaves with parallel veins
grasses, palms, lilies

24. Simple Tissues – consisting of one cell type
Parenchyma – thin walled & alive at maturity; cells take different shapes. (storage, can change into other cells)
Collenchyma – thick walled & alive at maturity (support)
Sclerenchyma – thick walled and dead at maturity (support)
Sclerids or stone cells – cells that are as long as they are wide, very heavy cell walls
Fibers – cells longer than they are wide

25. Epidermis – alive at maturity
Trichomes – hairs on epidermis
Root Hairs – tubular extensions of epidermal cells