1. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 1 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis UPA Package 5, Module 4

2. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 2 Objectives Analysis Objective analysis is a set of techniques to describe the future situation that will be achieved by solving problems identify potential alternatives for the project clarify the intentions of the project identify the means-end-relationship.

3. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 3 Objectives Tree Analysis Step 1 Restate all problems of the problem tree into positive conditions that are desirable and realistically achievable. Step 2 Examine the means-end-relationships to assure validity and completeness of the diagram. Step 3 If necessary revise statements add new objectives delete objectives.

4. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 4 Objectives Tree In the “Objectives Tree” all negative conditions of the “Problem Tree” will be restated into positive conditions that are desirable and realistically achievable. All objectives are of the same importance!

5. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 5 Means–End–Relationship The causal logic of the Cause-Effect-Relationship will be transformed in the operational logic of the Means-End- Relationship. If cause A effect B then means X end Y to achieve Residential area is clean. Waste dumping is stopped.

6. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 6 Attention Waste collection free of charge. Waste collection containers in every household installed. Collected waste incinerated. All residents are educated about waste collection. The positive future conditions (= objectives) have to be desirable achievable realistic no hidden solutions

7. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 7 Example upgraded residential area residents remain and Invest in the area improved image of area Means Ends working waste management system implemented enough containers installed knowledge of maintenance gained funds for containers organised co-operation between res- ponsible departments established knowledge of use acquired improved living environment self-organisation of residents achieved Low income areas

8. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 8 Alternatives Analysis Options Criteria Apartment 1 A Apartment 2 F Apartment 3 G Apartment 4 D Rent40 €325 €125 €100 € Space10 m²50 m²18 m²35 m² Distance15 min2 min50 min40 min Qualitative aspects No Bathroom, kitchen, dirty Bathroom, kitchen, friendly landlord No own bathroom and kitchen, un- friendly landlord Bathroom, kitchen, 600 € commission fee Table of Options/Criteria

9. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 9 Example Options Criteria A Apart. F Apart. G Apart. D Apart. Rent 40 € 325 € 4. 125 € 3. 100 € 2. Space 10 m² 4. 50 m² 18 m² 3. 35 m² 2. Distance 15 min 2. 2 min 50 min 4. 40 min 3. Qualitative aspects No bathroom – kitchen + dirty – bathroom + kitchen + friendly landlord + no own bathroom and kitchen – unfriendly landlord – bathroom + kitchen + 600 € commission fee –

10. 5.4.3 Objectives and Alternatives Analysis 10 Order Matrix Order Criteria 1. project 2. project 3. project 4. project Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 Criterion 4 Which is superior?  AF 13AF 16 AD11AD 20 AG 6AG 12 AA10AA 22 