1. © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Clicker Questions ConcepTests Chapter 17 Physics, 3 rd Edition James S. Walker

2. Which has more molecules– a mole of nitrogen (N 2 ) gas or a mole of oxygen (O 2 ) gas? 1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) both the same ConcepTest 17.1aNitrogen and Oxygen I

3. 1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) both the same A mole is defined as a quantity of gas molecules equal to Avogadro’s number (6.02  10 23 ). This value is independent of the type of gas. ConcepTest 17.1aNitrogen and Oxygen I Which has more molecules– a mole of nitrogen (N 2 ) gas or a mole of oxygen (O 2 ) gas?

4. Which weighs more – a mole of nitrogen (N 2 ) gas or a mole of oxygen (O 2 ) gas? 1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) both the same ConcepTest 17.1bNitrogen and Oxygen II

5. Which weighs more – a mole of nitrogen (N 2 ) gas or a mole of oxygen (O 2 ) gas? 1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) both the same The oxygen molecules have a molecular mass of 32, while the nitrogen molecules have a molecular mass of 28. ConcepTest 17.1bNitrogen and Oxygen II Follow-up: Which one will take up more space?

6. ConcepTest 17.2aIdeal Gas Law I 1) cylinder A 2) cylinder B 3) both the same 4) it depends on temp. T Two identical cylinders at the same temperature contain the same gas. If A contains three times as much gas as B, which cylinder has the higher pressure?

7. PV = nRT Ideal gas law: PV = nRT P = nRT / V Solve for pressure: P = nRT / V the larger value of n For constant V and T, the one with more gas (the larger value of n) has the higher pressure P. ConcepTest 17.2aIdeal Gas Law I 1) cylinder A 2) cylinder B 3) both the same 4) it depends on temp. T Two identical cylinders at the same temperature contain the same gas. If A contains three times as much gas as B, which cylinder has the higher pressure?

8. ConcepTest 17.2bIdeal Gas Law II 1) cylinder A 2) cylinder B 3) both the same 4) it depends on the pressure P Two identical cylinders at the same pressure contain the same gas. If A contains three times as much gas as B, which cylinder has the higher temperature?

9. PV = nRT Ideal gas law: PV = nRT T = PV / nR Solve for temperature: T = PV / nR the smaller value of n For constant V and P, the one with less gas (the smaller value of n) has the higher temperature T. ConcepTest 17.2bIdeal Gas Law II 1) cylinder A 2) cylinder B 3) both the same 4) it depends on the pressure P Two identical cylinders at the same pressure contain the same gas. If A contains three times as much gas as B, which cylinder has the higher temperature?

10. ConcepTest 17.2cIdeal Gas Law III Two identical cylinders at the same temperature contain the same gas. If B has twice the volume and half the number of moles as A, how does the pressure in B compare with the pressure in A? 1) P B = 1/2 P A 2) P B = 2 P A 3) P B = 1/4 P A 4) P B = 4 P A 5) P B = P A

11. PV = nRT Ideal gas law: PV = nRT B B BA Since B has a factor of twice the volume, it has a factor of two less the pressure. But B also has half the amount of gas, so that is another factor of two reduction in pressure. Thus, B must have only 1/4 the pressure of A. ConcepTest 17.2cIdeal Gas Law III Two identical cylinders at the same temperature contain the same gas. If B has twice the volume and half the number of moles as A, how does the pressure in B compare with the pressure in A? 1) P B = 1/2 P A 2) P B = 2 P A 3) P B = 1/4 P A 4) P B = 4 P A 5) P B = P A

12. ConcepTest 17.3Soda Bottle 1) it expands and may burst 2) it does not change 3) it contracts and the sides collapse inward 4) it is too dark in the fridge to tell A plastic soda bottle is empty and sits out in the sun, heating the air inside. Now you put the cap on tightly and put the bottle in the fridge. What happens to the bottle as it cools?

13. air inside the bottle is warm the air cools pressure in the bottle also drops The air inside the bottle is warm, due to heating by the sun. When the bottle is in the fridge, the air cools. As the temperature drops, the pressure in the bottle also drops. Eventually, the pressure inside is sufficiently lower than the pressure outside (atmosphere) to begin to collapse the bottle. ConcepTest 17.3Soda Bottle 1) it expands and may burst 2) it does not change 3) it contracts and the sides collapse inward 4) it is too dark in the fridge to tell A plastic soda bottle is empty and sits out in the sun, heating the air inside. Now you put the cap on tightly and put the bottle in the fridge. What happens to the bottle as it cools?

14. ConcepTest 17.4Balloon in Freezer 1) it increases 2) it does not change 3) it decreases What happens to the volume of a balloon if you put it in the freezer?

15. when the temperature is reduced at constant pressurevolume is reduced According to the Ideal Gas Law, when the temperature is reduced at constant pressure, the volume is reduced as well. The volume of the balloon therefore decreases. ConcepTest 17.4Balloon in Freezer nRTPV  1) it increases 2) it does not change 3) it decreases What happens to the volume of a balloon if you put it in the freezer? Follow-up: What happens to the volume when the balloon rises in the air?

16. If you add some heat to a substance, is it possible for the temperature of the substance to remain unchanged? 1) yes 2) no ConcepTest 17.5Adding Heat

17. If you add some heat to a substance, is it possible for the temperature of the substance to remain unchanged? 1) yes 2) no Yes, it is indeed possible for the temperature to stay the same. This is precisely what occurs during a phase change–the added heat goes into changing the state of the substance (from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas) and does not go into changing the temperature! Once the phase change has been accomplished, then the temperature of the substance will rise with more added heat. ConcepTest 17.5Adding Heat Follow-up: Follow-up: Does that depend on the substance?

18. Will potatoes cook faster if the water is boiling faster? 1) yes 2) no ConcepTest 17.6Hot Potato

19. Will potatoes cook faster if the water is boiling faster? 1) yes 2) no The water boils at 100 °C and remains at that temperature until all of the water has been changed into steam. Only then will the steam increase in temperature. Since the water stays at the same temperature, regardless of how fast it is boiling, the potatoes will not cook any faster. ConcepTest 17.6Hot Potato Follow-up: Follow-up: How can you cook the potatoes faster?

20. ConcepTest 17.7Water and Ice You put 1 kg of ice at 0 o C together with 1 kg of water at 50 o C. What is the final temperature? çL F = 80 cal/g çc water = 1 cal/g o C 1) 0 o C 2) between 0 o C and 50 o C 3) 50 o C 4) greater than 50 o C

21. How much heat is needed to melt the ice? Q = m L f = (1000g)  (80 cal/g) = 80,000 cal How much heat can the water deliver by cooling from 50 o C to 0 o C? Q = c water m  T = (1 cal/g o C)  (1000g)  (50 o C) = 50,000 cal Thus, there is not enough heat available to melt all the ice!! ConcepTest 17.7Water and Ice You put 1 kg of ice at 0 o C together with 1 kg of water at 50 o C. What is the final temperature? çL F = 80 cal/g çc water = 1 cal/g o C 1) 0 o C 2) between 0 o C and 50 o C 3) 50 o C 4) greater than 50 o C Follow-up: Follow-up: How much more water at 50 o C would you need?

22. ConcepTest 17.8Ice and Steam You put 1 kg of ice at 0 o C together with 1 kg of steam at 100 o C. What is the final temperature? çL F = 80 cal/g, L v = 540 cal/g çc water = 1 cal/g o C 1) between 0 o C and 50 o C 2) 50 o C 3) between 50 o C and 100 o C 4) 100 o C 5) greater than 100 o C

23. How much heat is needed to melt the ice? Q = m L f = (1000g)  (80 cal/g) = 80,000 cal How much heat is needed to raise the water temperature to 100 o C? Q = c water m  T = (1 cal/g o C)  (1000g)  (100 o C) = 100,000 cal 540,000 cal But if all of the steam turns into water, that would release 540,000 cal. Thus, some steam is left over, and the whole mixture stays at 100 o C. ConcepTest 17.8Ice and Steam You put 1 kg of ice at 0 o C together with 1 kg of steam at 100 o C. What is the final temperature? çL F = 80 cal/g, L v = 540 cal/g çc water = 1 cal/g o C 1) between 0 o C and 50 o C 2) 50 o C 3) between 50 o C and 100 o C 4) 100 o C 5) greater than 100 o C Follow-up: Follow-up: How much more ice would you need?

24. ConcepTest 17.9You’re in Hot Water! Which will cause more severe burns to your skin: 100 °C water or 100 °C steam? 1) water 2) steam 3) both the same 4) it depends...

25. 1 cal/g phase change 540 cal/g While the water is indeed hot, it releases only 1 cal/g of heat as it cools. The steam, however, first has to undergo a phase change into water and that process releases 540 cal/g, which is a very large amount of heat. That immense release of heat is what makes steam burns so dangerous. ConcepTest 17.9You’re in Hot Water! Which will cause more severe burns to your skin: 100 °C water or 100 °C steam? 1) water 2) steam 3) both the same 4) it depends...

26. ConcepTest 17.10Spring Break You step out of a swimming pool on a hot day, where the air temperature is 90° F. Where will you feel cooler, in Phoenix (dry) or in Philadelphia (humid)? 1) equally cool in both places 2) Philadelphia 3) Phoenix

27. In Phoenix, where the air is dry, more of the water will evaporate from your skin. This is a phase change, where the water must absorb the heat of vaporization, which it takes from your skin. That is why you feel cool as the water evaporates. ConcepTest 17.10Spring Break You step out of a swimming pool on a hot day, where the air temperature is 90° F. Where will you feel cooler, in Phoenix (dry) or in Philadelphia (humid)? 1) equally cool in both places 2) Philadelphia 3) Phoenix