1. Linde Gas Division

2. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Waterford, Ireland 12th-14th of October 2002 Fire Polishing of Crystal & Lead Crystal Glass articles with the HYDROPOX  - and CARBOPOX  -technology Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Goerisch Dipl.-Ing. Hans Mahrenholtz Linde AG - Linde Gas Division

3. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents

4. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

5. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

6. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Linde Engineering Engineering and construction Air and gas separation plants Chemical and petrochemical plants Sales: Employees: 1,218 Mio. Euro 3,961 Material Handling Industrial trucks Hydraulics Sales: Employees: 3,158Mio. Euro 17,891 Refrigeration Refrigerated and freezer display cases and cold rooms Non-refrigerated shop equipment Space and process cooling systems Sales: Employees: 887Mio. Euro 6,364 Linde Gas Gases and gas application processes, systems and equipment Sales: Employees: 3,877Mio. Euro 17,689 Gas and Engineering Linde Group in year 2001

7. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 HOLOX Member of the Linde Gas Group The Linde Gas Brands

8. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

9. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

10. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Glass Segments, Gas Applications & Types of Gas Glass Industry

11. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Glass Segments, Gas Applications & Types of Gas Glass Industry

12. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

13. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

14. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Motivation for Fire Polishing Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Today, modern glass production demands: the highest glass quality, particulary the highest surface quality machined glass to look like manual glass the replacement of acid polishing the elimination of further mechanical processing In the glass industry - and in tableware and Flacon production in particular - the demands being placed on quality (especially on glass surface quality) and on production costs are increasing to an equal degree.

15. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Difference between premixing and post mixing burners Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  The heat Premixing burner Mixture of gas and air / oxygen Post mixing burner Gas Air / Oxygen

16. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Flame yet and impingement region Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Stagnation or impingment region Poten tial core Nozzle Transient region Nozzle Fully developed region Entreinment Potential core

17. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Axial distribution of the heat transfer rate Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  The heat The heat transfer rates from premixed oxy- hydrogen flames are approx. 300% higher than premixed oxy-methane flames. The heat transfer rates from premixed flames are approx. 30% higher in case of oxy-methane flames and approx. 90% higher in case of oxy- hydrogen flames than post mixed flames oxy-hydrogen oxy-methane

18. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Radial distribution of the heat transfer rate Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  The flame width from premixed oxy-methane combustion is approx. 100% larger than the flame width from premixed oxy-hydrogen combustion. The flame widths from post mixed combustion is approx. 30% bigger than premixed combustion. oxy-hydrogenoxy-methane

19. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 WHY? Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  The heat transfer rates from premixed oxy-hydrogen flames are approx. 300% higher than premixed oxy-methane flames. The heat transfer rates from premixed flames are approx. 30% higher in case of oxy-methane flames and approx. 90% higher in case of oxy- hydrogen flames than post mixed flames The flame width from premixed oxy-methane combustion is approx. 100% larger than the flame width from premixed oxy-hydrogen combustion. The flame widths from post mixed combustion is approx. 30% bigger than premixed combustion. WHY?  Flame front equilibrium and entrainment  Heat transfer mechanism

20. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Flame front equilibrium Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  The flame front is the point, where the medium velocity and the flame velocity are equal (and heat transfer starts). The medium flow wants to push the flame front downstream The flame wants to burn upstream vMvM vFvF

21. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Flame front equilibrium Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  The flame velocity is a function of several properties (density, viscosity, etc.), the diffusion coefficient and... the reaction velocity resp. coefficient

22. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Entrainment Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Before ignition The entrained nitrogen dilutes the mixture decreasing the concentration of fuel and oxygen. After ignition The air entrained oxygen may participate in combustion of unburned fuel Reduction of the jet temperature

23. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Heat transfer/flux Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Heat transfer by impingement is the main mechanism of heat transfer. The contribution from radiation is negligible.

24. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Heat transfer/flux Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Heat transfer by impingement is the main mechanism of heat transfer. The contribution from radiation is negligible.

25. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Convective heat transfer Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX 

26. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Convective heat transfer Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  oxy-hydrogen oxy-methane s

27. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

28. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

29. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Characteristics Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Pre-mixing gas mixture Electropneumatic control units Water cooled / Uncooled burners Standard burners / Special designed burners 100% stainless steel

30. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Advantages and typical uses of HYDROPOX Advantages and typical uses of HYDROPOX  Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Complete removal of pressing burrs and sharp edges such as Stern seams Cover ring seams Plate seams on thin-walled glasses (particularly glasses with stems), number of cuts up to 60 per minute High-grade finishing of flacons (brilliance) Preventing deformation of the article due to a very short polishing time of approx. 2-3 s. Removal of cold waves Heating at precise points Polishing decorative surfaces with very deep reliefs is possible

31. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Advantages and typical uses of CARBOPOX Advantages and typical uses of CARBOPOX  Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Removal pf pressing burrs and sharp edges Removal of "orange peel" on pressed lead crystal articles significantly improved brilliance compared with acid polishing great cost savings compared with acid polishing Complete polishung of thick-walled glass parts (external and internal) Preventing deformation of the article through fast polishing (polishing time approx. 5-15 s) Removal of cold waves Polishing decorative surfaces with very deep reliefs is possible

32. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Designs Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  line ring rotation

33. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

34. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

35. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Mixing units Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  For each burner... Power control Control units Exact pressure regulation Exact regulation of the gases ratio

36. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Burner steering system (pre mixing) Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  S P PP burner 1 burner 3...n P PP burner 2 Electrical operation unit, (steering, security system,...) - electrical operation unit - central mixing unit - electro-pneumatic burner controlling system - burner Central mixing unit Electro-pneumatic burner control

37. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

38. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

39. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

40. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 1. Introduction Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX and CARBOPOX Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Contents 2. Gas Applications & Products 3. Glass Treatment Basics 4. HYDROPOX- and CARBOPOX-characteristics 5. Equipment 6. Sample installations 7. Summary & outlook XIV ICF Technical Exchange Conference

41. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 Summary Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  Due to the heat transfer rates, flame shapes, working parameters etc: Pre-mixing glass treatment technologies are more efficient than post mixing technologies. Glass treatment technologies with Hydrogen/Oxygen are more efficient than with Natural gas/Oxygen. Post mixed gas mixture NG/Propane plus Oxygen Post mixed gas mixture Hydrogen plus Oxygen Pre mixed gas mixture NG/Propane plus Oxygen Pre mixed gas mixture Hydrogen plus Oxygen Demands/Requirements Results/Effectivity HYDROPOX HYDROPOX  CARBOPOX CARBOPOX 

42. SDM/Mahrenholtz/23.04.2015 glasstec 2002 Fire Polishing with HYDROPOX  and CARBOPOX  glasstec 2002 - the 17th International Trade Fair in Düsseldorf from Monday October 28 th to Friday November 1st 2002 You are cordially invited to visit us in Hall 13, at booth no. E37. We are looking foreward to seeing you.