2. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم َََ وَ حَمَلْنَهُ عَلَىَ ذَاتِ َ ألوَْاٍٍٍٍح َ ودُسُرٍ َ تجْرِي بِأَعْيُنِنَا َ جَََزاءً ِ لمَن كَانَ كُفِِرَ القمر 13-14

3. POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS By Hossam Sallam, Ph.D. Zagazig University Zagazig University IN STRUCTURAL JOINTS

4. Objectives The main goal of this review article is to present a sound background regarding the development of the understanding of the mechanical behavior and the failure modes of the mechanically fastened, snap, bonded, and hybrid joints in polymeric composite materials.

5. LAYOUT IIIINTRODUCTION JOINTS------ COMPOSITES MMMMECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS Kt ------ FAILURE MODES SSSSNAP JOINTS BBBBONDED JOINTS Fusion Bonding for Joining Thermoplastic Matrix Composites ADHESIVE BONDED SIMILAR/DISSIMILAR MATERIALS. HHHHYBRID JOINTS

6. Introduction STRUCTURAL JOINTS

7. Introduction COMPOSITE MATERIALS Classification Of Composite Materials W.R.T Reinforcement Forms W.R.T Type of Matrix Discontinuous Fiber Laminate Continuous Particle Polymers Metals Ceramics

9. out line  INTRODUCTION  MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS  SNAP JOINTS  BONDED JOINTS  HYBRID JOINTS  CONCLOUSIONS

10. Single lap bolted joint Double Strap bolted joint MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS

11. BOLTED JOINT, BOLT-LOADED HOLE WITH/WITHOUT CLAMP-UP LOAD. Types of Circular Hole in Tensioned FRP Plates OPEN-HOLE TENSION FILLED-HOLE TENSION WITH/WITHOUT A CLAMP-UP LOAD. Washer Strain Gauge Load Cell Specimen (c) D W Tab (a) (b) DwDw W Load Cell Rigid Washer Nut Bolt Tab

12. Fiber Breakage Matrix Cracking Delamination Fiber-Matrix Splitting FAILURE MODES OF TENSION PLATES OPEN-HOLE

13. P P P P FAILURE MODES OF Net-Tension Shear-Out Transverse Cleavage Bearing Pull-out splitting P BOLTED JOINTS  َ b = P /(d B t)  َ SO = P SO /(2et)  َ N = P /([W-d H ]t) P َ SO = f ult (et) USA P َ SO =f ult (et)/1.2 Euro P َ SO =f ult [0.6(e-d H /2)2t] CAN  f /  َ o = 0.8 Steel  f /  َ o < 0.5 FRP e

14. out line  INTRODUCTION  MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS  SNAP JOINTS  BONDED JOINTS  HYBRID JOINTS  CONCLOUSIONS

15. SNAP JOINTS

16. (a) Composite Transmission Tower(b) Truss Joint SNAP JOINTS

17. out line  INTRODUCTION  MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS  SNAP JOINTS  BONDED JOINTS  HYBRID JOINTS  CONCLOUSIONS

18. Frictional Heating Electromagnetic Heating Two-stage Techniques Fusion Bonding Techniques Bulk Heating Co-consolidation Hot-melt Adhesives Dual Resin Bonding Spin Welding Vibration Welding Ultrasonic Welding Induction Welding Microwave Heating Dielectric Heating Resistance Welding Hot Plate Welding Hot Gas Welding Radiant Welding Infrared Welding Focused Infrared Welding Laser Welding Solar Energy

19. BONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-1 Double strap Double lap Single lap

20. Stepped lap Double stepped lap Single scarf Double scarf BONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-2

21. AL–6XN steel T700 carbon/epoxy The general geometric parameters for a tongue-and-groove joint. New design with flat, pointed inserts A A Wavy-lap joint main dimensions BONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-3

22. Prevention of failure in Adhesive Joints Peel action Rivet, bolt or spot weldIncrease stiffness Increase area Bead end (if possible) Peeling

23. out line  INTRODUCTION  MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS  SNAP JOINTS  BONDED JOINTS  HYBRID JOINTS  CONCLOUSIONS

24. HYBRID JOINTS Retrofitting schemes

25. out line  INTRODUCTION  MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS  BONDED JOINTS  SNAP JOINTS  HYBRID JOINTS  CONCLOUSIONS

26. CONCLUSIONS All joining methods present advantages and drawbacks, and they may be more or less suitable to particular application depending on its specific requirements. All joining methods present advantages and drawbacks, and they may be more or less suitable to particular application depending on its specific requirements. Well-established joining technologies for metallic structures are not directly applicable to FRP. Well-established joining technologies for metallic structures are not directly applicable to FRP. Some adhesives are disposed to degradation by temperature and humidity. Some adhesives are disposed to degradation by temperature and humidity. Hybrid joints give better static as well as fatigue performance than adhesive joints in composites. Hybrid joints give better static as well as fatigue performance than adhesive joints in composites.

27. وشكراَ الحمد لله رب العالمين