1. Rockets and Artificial Satellites
10th Grade - Physics

2. Module Objectives Rockets Satellites Indian Space Programs Principle
Working
Single-stage and Multi-stage Rockets
Satellites
Orbital velocity and Escape velocity
Launching of a Satellite
Geostationary Satellites
Satellite communications
Indian Space Programs
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3. Momentum(p) = mass(m) X velocity(v)
Recap
Momentum = Mass in motion
All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion
The amount of momentum depents on how much stuff(mass) is moving and how fast the stuff(velocity) is moving
Momentum(p) = mass(m) X velocity(v)
Newtons third law of motion
Newton's Third Law : For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Variation of Gravity
Acceleration due to gravity g is a variable quantity and it varies with altitude
Above the surface of earth, it decreases as the height / altitude increases
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4. Recap (cont.) Centripetal Force
An external force required to make a body move along circular path with uniform speed is called centripetal force
It acts along radius and towards the centre of circular path
Where m is mass of body, v is velocity and r is radius of path along which body moves.
In case of planets and satellites centripetal force is the gravitational force
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5. Introduction to Rockets
A Rocket can be a missile, spacecraft , aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust (or push) from a rocket engine
Chemical rockets are the most common type of rocket and they typically create their exhaust by the combustion of rocket propellant. The propellants are carried within the rocket
Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forward simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast
Rockets are used for fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites, human spaceflight, and space exploration
Image: STS-1 Launch
The April 12 launch at Pad 39A of STS-1, just seconds past 7 a.m., carries astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen into an Earth orbital mission scheduled to last for 54 hours, ending with unpowered landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California.
Image source:
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6. Principle of operation
Rockets, be it small as the firework or large as the launch vehicles, operate by the same principle.
Rocket propulsion can be explained well with two fundamental laws of physics:
Newton's third law or
conservation of momentum
Newton's Laws of Motion - The third law states that
For every action there is always an opposite and equal reaction
When an action takes place, like gases escaping from the rocket, a reaction follows - the rocket rises in the air
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7. Principle of operation (cont.)
The Conservation of momentum
In the absence of external forces , the total momentum of the body is conserved
Any quantity, such as momentum or energy, that must remain constant is ‘conserved’
On interaction with an external impulse(burning of fuel incase of rockets)
Momentum before interaction = Momentum after interaction Or
Momentum of Rocket = Momentum of Exhaust
but in opposite directions
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8. Conservation of momentum - illustrations
Example1 : When a bullet is fired , it moves in the forward direction and the gun kicks backward. It is because before firing total momentum of system constituted of barrel and gun is zero. When bullet is fired it gains some momentum(due to velocity acquired by it) but to nullify this momentum gain, gun moves in backward direction such that it has momentum equal in magnitude to momentum of bullet with opposite direction
Example2 : Same can be seen when releasing an air filled balloon, the air rushes out of the balloon providing the thrust, which propels the balloon forward and it flies
Click here to see a simple demonstration of conservation of momentum using air filled balloon
Can use a balloon to demonstrate the same
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9. Rocket - Components The structural system or frame
made from very strong but light weight materials, like titanium or aluminum to form the basic shape of the rocket
coated with a thermal protection system to keep out the heat of air friction during flight and to keep in the cold temperatures needed for certain fuels and oxidizers
Fins are attached to some rockets at the bottom of the frame to provide stability during the flight
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10. Rocket – Components (cont.)
The payload system
depends on the rocket's mission – explosives, satellite launches, human passengers, guidance system
The Guidance system
may include very sophisticated sensors, on-board computers, radars, and communication equipment to maneuver the rocket in flight
must also provide some level of stability so that the rocket does not tumble in flight
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11. Rocket – Components (cont.)
The Propulsion system
Propellant = fuel + oxidant
Types of propellants,
Liquid-propellant systems,
The fuel and oxidizer are pumped from separate tanks into the combustion chamber
Solid-propellant systems,
These carry the fuel and oxidizer, already mixed together, in a solid state
The various rocket parts described above have been grouped by function into structure, payload, guidance, and propulsion systems. There are other possible groupings.
For the purpose of weight determination and flight performance, engineers often group the payload, structure, propulsion structure (nozzle, pumps, tanks, etc.), and guidance into a single empty weight parameter.
The remaining propellant weight then becomes the only factor that changes with time when determining rocket performance.
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12. Rocket – Components (cont.)
Types of propellants (cont.),
Gas-propellant systems
Involves some form of compressed gas
Hybrid-propellant systems usually have a solid fuel and a liquid or gas oxidizer
Gel propellant systems
Research has been done on gelling liquid propellants to give a propellant with low vapor pressure to reduce the risk of accidents.
Gelled propellant systems behaves like a solid propellant in storage and like a liquid propellant in use.
The various rocket parts described above have been grouped by function into structure, payload, guidance, and propulsion systems. There are other possible groupings.
For the purpose of weight determination and flight performance, engineers often group the payload, structure, propulsion structure (nozzle, pumps, tanks, etc.), and guidance into a single empty weight parameter.
The remaining propellant weight then becomes the only factor that changes with time when determining rocket performance.
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13. Working of Rockets
A rocket works by burning fuel that is exhausted out of one end of the rocket at a high speed.
Since momentum is conserved, the momentum carried away by the fuel results in the rocket moving forward.
Click here to see a demonstration of this.
Rocket mass (Mass of payload + Mass of structure + Mass of propellants) - M
Velocity of exhaust - Vex
Rate of fuel consumption – R
Accelleration due to gravity - a
The thrust or the product mass of the rocket is
Thrust = RVex= Ma
Points to note:
The rocket consumes fuel, so mass keeps decreasing
The accelleration due to gravity keeps changing with the altitude gained by the rocket
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14. Multi-Stage Rockets
Rockets use the thrust generated by a propulsion system to overcome the weight of the rocket.
The weight of the payload is only a small portion of the lift-off weight
Most of the weight of the rocket is the weight of the propellants
As the propellants are burned off during powered ascent, a larger proportion of the weight of the vehicle becomes the now empty tankage and the structure that was required when the vehicle was fully loaded
In order to lighten the weight of the vehicle to achieve orbital velocity, most launchers discard a portion of the vehicle in a process called staging
And these rockets are called multi-stage rockets
An animated video demonstrating staging can be seen by clicking here
Image illustrates stage separation of a two stage rocket
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15. Types of staging
There are two types of rocket staging, serial and parallel.
Serial staging
There is a small, second stage rocket that is placed on top of a larger first stage rocket.
The first stage is ignited at launch and burns through the powered ascent until its propellants are exhausted.
The first stage engine is then extinguished, the second stage separates from the first stage, and the second stage engine is ignited.
The payload is carried atop the second stage into orbit.
Serial staging was used on the Saturn V moon rockets. The Saturn V was a three stage rocket, which performed two staging manoeuvres on its way to earth orbit. The discarded stages of the Saturn V were never retrieved.
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16. Types of staging continued…
Parallel staging
Several small first stages are strapped onto to a central sustainer rocket
At launch, all of the engines are ignited. When the propellants in the strap-on's are extinguished, the strap-on rockets are discarded
The sustainer engine continues burning and the payload is carried atop the sustainer rocket into orbit.
Parallel staging is used on the Space Shuttle
The discarded solid rocket boosters are retrieved from the ocean, re-filled with propellant, and used again on the Shuttle
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17. Types of staging continued…
Hybrid
Some launchers, like the Titan III's and Delta II's, use both serial and parallel staging
The Titan III has a liquid-powered, two stage Titan II for a sustainer and two solid rocket strap-ons at launch
After the solids are discarded, the sustainer engine of the Titan II burns until its fuel is exhausted
Then the second stage of the Titan II is burned, carrying the payload to orbit. The Titan III is another example of a three stage rocket
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18. Orbital velocity Orbital Velocity can be defined as
the velocity which is given to an artificial earth's satellite a few hundred kilometers above the earth's surface so that it may start revolving round the earth. It is denoted by Vo
Expression for orbital velocity
m = Mass of satellite, r = Radius of circular orbit of satellite
h = Height of satellite above surface of earth. R = Radius of earth
Vo = Orbital velocity M = Mass of the earth.
G = The Gravitational constant
The Centripetal force (mv2/r) required by the satellite to keep moving in a circular orbit is produced by the gravitational force between the satellite and earth
Therefore
hence
When h is sufficiently small compared to R, h can be neglected. Then
Where
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19. Escape velocity Escape Velocity can be defined as
The minimum velocity needed for a celestial body to escape the gravitational pull of another, larger body and not fall back to that body's surface. In our case, satellites escape earth’s gravity
Escape velocity is determined by the mass of the larger body and by the distance of the smaller body from the larger one's center
Depending on its initial trajectory, a smaller body traveling at the escape velocity will either enter a periodic orbit around the larger body or recede from the surface of the larger body indefinitely
Expression for orbital velocity
Relation between Orbital velocity and Escape Velocity
The escape velocity at the Earth's surface is about 11.2 kilometers per second (25,000 miles per hour).
The escape velocity on the Moon's surface is 2.4 kilometers per second (5,300 miles per hour).
The escape velocity within the event horizon of a black hole is higher than the speed of light; since nothing can exceed the speed of light, nothing - even light can escape from within the event horizon of a black hole.
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20. Orbital and Escape Velocity - illustrations
Newton’s Illustration
Newton's Mountain
Newton illustrated orbital behavior for a simple idealized situation where a powerful cannon is placed on top of a high mountain on the Earth.
Since both the distance from Earth's center and the direction of initial flight is fixed, the cannonball follows an orbit that depends only on the muzzle velocity of the cannon as shown in the image.
The gravitational force of a spherical body like the Earth acts as though it originates from the center of the sphere, so elliptical orbits have the center of the Earth at one focus.
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21. Launching a Satellite Artificial Satellites
A satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor.
Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon.
Image is of Delta II to launch the Air Force’s Global Positioning System IIR-20 on March 24 from Cape Canaveral Florida, called GPS IIR-20M, this is the seventh modernized NAVSTAR Global Positioning System Block II R-M military navigation satellite to launch.
Some interesting facts
The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.
Artificial satellites originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations.
A few hundred satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris.
A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the Sun
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22. Launching a Satellite(contd.)
Multi-Stage rockets are used to carry Satellites, providing the necessary velocity to rise the desired height
Greater the velocity – Satellite escapes the earth’s orbit
Lesser the velocity – Satellite falls back to the earth
Click here to see a short demo video of how Satellites are launched
An example of Multi-Stage rocket used for launching Satellite
Image is of Delta II to launch the Air Force’s Global Positioning System IIR-20 on March 24 from Cape Canaveral Florida, called GPS IIR-20M, this is the seventh modernized NAVSTAR Global Positioning System Block II R-M military navigation satellite to launch.
Some interesting facts
The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.
Artificial satellites originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations.
A few hundred satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris.
A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the Sun
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23. Satellites – Uses Satellites are used for a large number of purposes.
Common types include
military and civilian Earth observation satellites,
communications satellites,
navigation satellites,
weather satellites, and
research satellites.
Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites
Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways
Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit
Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems
Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control
Image : A full-size model of the Earth observation satellite ERS 2
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24. Geostationary Satellites
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO),
is a circular orbit 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) above the Earth's equator and following the direction of the Earth's rotation.
A geostationary satellite
is an earth-orbiting satellite, placed at the geostationary orbit
an altitude of approximately 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi)
directly over the equator,
that revolves in the same direction the earth rotates (west to east)
At this altitude, one orbit takes 24 hours, the same length of time as the earth requires to rotate once on its axis
It is called geostationary since the satellite appears nearly stationary in the sky as seen by a ground-based observer
Communications satellites and weather satellites are often given geostationary orbits, so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move to track them, but can be pointed permanently at the position in the sky where they stay
Geostationary orbits (top view)
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Geostationary orbits (side view)

25. Indian Space Programmes
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the primary space agency of the Indian government.
ISRO was Established in 1969,
ISRO's headquarters is located at Antariksh Bhavan in Bangalore
ISRO took the place of the previous Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), which set up Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) at Thumba on the southern tip of India
Click here to see an interesting article with old photos of this first launch
The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by the Indian Government under Dr. Vikram
Sarabhai to formulate the Indian Space Program. At the time, the committee was part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research, led by M. G. K. Menon. The committee took over the responsibilities of the Department of Atomic Energy in Space
science and research. The then director of the DAE, Dr. Homi Bhabha, was instrumental in creation of the Committee.
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (former President of India) was amongst the initial team of rocket engineer forming the INCOSPAR.
Note: The image in the bottom-right corner is the logo of ISRO
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26. Frist Indian Satellite - Aryabhata
Mission Scientific/ Experimental Weight 360 kg On board power 46 Watts Communication VHF band Stabilization Spinstabilize Payload X-ray Astronomy Aeronomy & Solar Physics Launch date April 19,1975 Launch site Volgograd Launch Station (presently in Russia) Launch vehicle C-1 Intercosmos Orbit 563 x 619 km Inclination 50.7 deg Mission life 6 months Spacecraft mainframe active till March,1981 Orbital Life Nearly seventeen years (Re-entered on February 10,1992)
Aryabhata was India's first satellite, named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name.
It was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to gain experience in building and operating a satellite in space.
The 96.3 minute orbit had an apogee of 619  km and a perigee of 563  km, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees. It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics.
The spacecraft was a 26-sided polygon 1.4 m in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells. A power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit.
All signals from the spacecraft were lost after 5 days of operation.
The satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 11 February The satellite's image appeared on the reverse of Indian 2 rupee banknotes between 1976 and 1997
The satellite provided ocean and land surface data. One of two onboard cameras malfunctioned, however it sent back more than two thousand images. Housekeeping telemetry was received until re-entry in 1991
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27. Frist Indian Remote Sensing Satellite - Bhaskara
Mission Experimental Remote Sensing Weight 442kg On board power 47 Watts Communication VHF band Stabilization Spinstabilize (spin axis controlled) Payload TVcameras, three band Microwave Radiometer (SAMIR) Launch date Jun 07,1979 Launch site Volgograd Launch Station (presently in Russia) Launch vehicle C-1 Intercosmos Orbit 519 x 541 km Inclination 50.6 deg Mission life 6 months One year Orbital Life About 10 years ( Re-entered in 1989 )
The Bhaskara-I and II Satellites were two satellites built by the Indian Space Research Organisation that formed India's first low orbit Earth Observation Satellite. They collected data on telemetry, oceanography and hydrology.
Bhaskara-I, weighing 444 kg at launch, was launched on 7 June 1979 from Kapustin Yar aboard the Intercosmos launch vehicle. It was placed in an orbital Perigee and Apogee of 394 km and 399 km at an inclination of 50.7°.
The satellite consisted of-
Two television cameras operating in visible (600 nanometre) and near-infrared (800 nanometre) and collected data related to hydrology, forestry and geology.
Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapour, liquid water content in the atmosphere, etc.
1984 USSR stamp featuring Bhaskara-I, Bhaskara-II and Aryabhata satellites
Named after a leading Indian astronomer of the 6th century and a prominent mathematician of the 12th century, Bhaskara 1 and 2 were India’s first experimental satellites to survey the earth’s resources. Bhaskara II: Bhaskara-II, an improved version of Bhaskara-I, was launched on November 20, 1981.
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28. India’s Moon Mission (22 October 2008)
In Sanskrit (language of Ancient India) "Chandrayaan" means "Moon Craft".
Moon has always fascinated Indians from ancient days and now 21st century India is ready to land on moon! Chandrayaan-1 is the first mission towards the dream.
In Chandrayaan-1, the lunar craft would be launched using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) weighing 1304 kg at launch and 590 kg at lunar orbit. Lunar craft would orbit around moon 100 km from moon surface.
ISRO invited international space organization to participate in the project by providing suitable scientific payloads (instrument for experiments). ISRO selected 3 (C1XS, SIR-2,SARA) payload from ESA (European Space Agency) 1 (RADOM) from BSA (Bulgarian Academy of Science), 2 (MiniSAR, M3) from NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
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29. ‘SARAL’ : Latest satellite launch – India (Feb 25 2013)
Sriharikota: Indo-French oceanographic study satellite ‘SARAL’ and six foreign mini and micro satellites were successfully launched today by ISRO’s PSLV-C20 rocket from this spaceport. Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) workhorse Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) lifted off from the first launch pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre at around 6.00pm at the end of the 59-hour countdown and placed in the orbit the satellites about 22 minutes later.
The 410-kg SARAL with payloads—Argos and Altika—from French space agency CNES is meant for study of ocean parameters towards enhancing the understanding of the ocean state conditions.
SARAL was injected first into the space about 18 minutes after the lift-off followed by other satellites in the space of about four minutes.
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30. Indian Current Programmes
ISRO satellite systems
ISRO has successfully operationalized two major satellite systems
Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources;
ISRO Launch vehicles
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites
Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.
Satellite Applications
SatCom Applications
Remote Sensing Applications
VRC
Click here to see a comprehensive list of Indian satellites
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31. India - Future Programmes
Forthcoming Satellites
INSAT-3D, an exclusive meteorological satellite
ASTROSAT is a national multiwavelength space borne astronomy observatory, would be launched by PSLV from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
GSAT-6 The spacecraft weighs 2200 kg at lift-off
GSAT-7 is a multi-band satellite.The configuration of the satellite has been finalised and the design of new payload elements is completed
GSAT-9 The satellite is planned to be launched during by GSLV
GSAT-11 is under advanced stage of development. It consists of 16 spot beams covering entire country including Andaman & Nicobar islands, to be realised in orbit in 2013 time frame
GSAT-14 is intended to serve as a replacement for EDUSAT and is planned to be launched by GSLV with indigenous cryogenic upper stage
Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)-1, the first of the seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation, and is designed for a nominal mission life of 7 years. The first satellite of IRNSS constellation is planned to be launched onboard PSLV in 2013 while the full constellation is planned to be realised during 2014 time frame
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32. India - Future Programmes
Forthcoming Launches
Upcoming Launch - PSLV-C22/IRNSS-1 Mission
Future Launch Vehicle
Future Launch Vehicle - GSLV-Mk III
Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)
Human Space Flight Mission Programme
Space Science Missions
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II)
Chandrayaan-2
Aditya-1
Satellite Navigation
GAGAN
PSLV-C22/IRNSS-1 Mission
The first Satellite of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation, IRNSS-1 will be launched by PSLV-C22 in 2013.
Future Launch Vehicle
GSLV-Mk III
The GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits.
GSLV Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle which is 42.4 m tall with a lift off mass of 630 tonnes. The booster stage comprises two identical S-200 large solid boosters with 200 tonne of solid propellants that are strapped on to the L-110 core liquid stage. The upper stage is the C25 cryogenic stage.
Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)
As a first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived.
For this purpose a Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured.
The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flight using air breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the hypersonic flight experiment (HEX).
Human Space Flight Mission Programme
A study for undertaking human space flight to carry human beings to low earth orbit and ensure their safe return has been made by the department.
The department has initiated pre-project activities to study technical and managerial issues related to undertaking manned mission with an aim to build and demonstrate the country’s capability.
The programme envisages the development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carrying 2 or 3 crew members to about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return.
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II)
The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fully recoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE-2 is proposed to be launched onboard PSLV.
Chandrayaan-2
India’s second mission to the Moon, will have an Orbiter and Lander-Rover module. ISRO will have the prime responsibility for the Orbiter and Rover; Roskosmos, Russia will be responsible for Lander. Chandrayaan-2 will be launched on India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-MkII). The science goals of the mission are to further improve the understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon using instruments onboard Orbiter and in-situ analysis of lunar samples using Lander and Rover. Aditya-1
The First Indian space based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IR bands. Launch of the Aditya mission is planned during the next high solar activity period ( ) The main objectives is to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and consequently the crucial physical parameters for space weather such as the coronal magnetic field structures, evolution of the coronal magnetic field etc. This will provide completely new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having an important bearing on the unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.
GAGAN
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym GAGAN - GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC) located near Bangalore. The next major milestone in GAGAN was the conduct of PSAT (Preliminary System Acceptance Testing) which has been successfully completed in Dec The first GAGAN navigation payload was flown on GSAT-8 which was launched on May 21, 2011 and the second on GSAT-10 launched on 29th September The Navigation payload on GSAT-10 would provide improved accuracy of GPS signals (of better than 7 meters) to be used by the Airports Authority of India for Civil Aviation requirements.
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33. Extras Difference between a rocket and a missile
Missile is also a rocket but the difference is that, it hold explosive for mass destruction. a rocket is just use to propelling vehicle like in satellites etc.
Missiles are self guided by the help of inertial navigation system.
Tipu Sultan, the king of Mysore, is also referred as father of modern missile technology when he first used the 2 k.m. missiles against the British troops in the Third Anglo-Mysore war at the end of 18th century
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34. References Rockets - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockets
Principle and Components of Rockets -
Satellites -
Indian Space Programmes -
Instructional videos –
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