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Greek History n Complex and sophisticated n motto: all things in moderation n they did nothing in moderation
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Ancient Greece n importance to Western culture n fundamental ideas and categories n Individualism and Humanism n the rise of Reason –decline of superstition/religion
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Important Precursors n Minoan Crete n Mycenaean Greece
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The eastern Mediterranean area
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Minoan Crete n ca. 2900 B.C. to 1450 B.C. –contemporary with Egypt n major, non-river valley culture n highly sophisticated n literate –Linear A and Linear B
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Minoan Crete, con’t n surplus agriculture n industry n over-seas commercial trade
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Minoan Culture n elaborate towns and villages n complex religious ideas n sophisticated art n sports and leisure n high status for women
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an artist’s rendering of the main building of the Palace of Minos at Knossos
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Another idea of Knossos
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North entrance of the Palace of Knossos Iraklion Museum, Crete
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Decorated storage jars Knossos
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Storage cellars palace of Knossos
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Palace of Knossos Room of the Double Axes
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Palace of Knossos: the Throne Room of Minos
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Palace, north entrance: the famous Bull fresco
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Great Propylaea at the south entrance of the palace
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A fresco with partridges from the Caravan seraglio of Knossos.
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From the Palace of Knossos: The famous "bull leaping" fresco from the East wing of the palace
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The Throne of King Minos
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The Queen’s rooms, with blue dolphins
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Rython bull’s head from Knossos
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Poppy Goddess
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Snake “goddess” -goddess? -priestess? -worshipper?
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The Blue Ladies
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Minoan Priestess
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Religious procession
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Labrys “double axe” Labyrinth = “the House of the Double Axe”
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Temple entrance to a cave shrine
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Minoan Culture, con’t n unwalled cities n no foreign invasions n few weapons n no civil conflict
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Mycenaeans n Bonze Age Greeks n 2000-1100 B.C. n small, warrior states n war, trade, piracy n literate (Linear B)
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Mycenaeans, con’t n the Heroic Age n the Age of Myth n the development of Greek Religion n beginnings of a common culture
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Mycenae, ca.1450 B.C.
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The great megaron at Mycenae
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The death mask of “King Agamemnon” Mycenae
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The Dark Ages n the Dorian Invasion ? n loss of literacy n loss of political sophistication
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The Archaic Period n ca. 850 B.C. n beginning of classical Greek history n foundations of Western culture
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The Polis n the city-state n city and dependent territory n independence of each city n warfare and rivalry
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Rise of Literacy n the alphabet n Homer –the Iliad, the Odyssey n Hesiod –Works and Days, the Theogony n Lyric poetry –Sappho
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Greek cities and colonies, 750-650 B.C.
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The Good Ones n monarchy (rule by one) n aristocracy (rule by the best) n constitutional government (rule by a body of law)
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The Bad Ones n tyranny (extra-legal rule by one man) n oligarchy (rule by a faction) n democracy (rule by the people, without law)
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Athens and Sparta n most available evidence n both are exceptions to the norm n both dominate the Greek world
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Sparta n no colonization, conquest of neighbors n the constitution of Lycurgus n a perpetual military state n all citizens are subordinated to the state n no private property
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Athens n evolution from monarchy to democracy n aristocracy, with elected rulers n Cylon and Draco n Solon: reform and timocracy n Peisistratus: a tyranny n Cleisthenes: the rise of democracy
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Cylon n attempted tyranny n faction struggle n blood-feuds n need for written law
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Draco n first to write and post the laws n the homicide courts n did not solve social problems n threat of violent revolution n redistribute the land, cancel all debts
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Enter Solon n chosen by all to avoid revolution n new constitution n beginnings of democracy n opened political offices n created protections for the people
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Solon of Athens
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Persian Empire
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The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C. n Ionian Revolt n invasion of Greece n Marathon n Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea n the defining moment for Western culture
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Themistocles
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Leonidas
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Hoplite phalanx: classical Greece
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The Rise of Athens n war of liberation and revenge against Persia n The Delian League n transformation into the Athenian Empire –burden of fighting: Athens –burden of cost: the Allies n the Periclean Age
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Pericles of Athens
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Greek Culture and Civilization n foundations of Western thought n asked the important questions for the first time n gave the answers--that made sense--for the first time
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Philosophy n some people were not satisfied by “religion” –but were not inclined to turn to non-civic cults n answers the “Big Questions” n deals with areas not covered by religion
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Philosophy n love of wisdom n search for causes n search for why things happen n application of reason and demonstration
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Socrates n the turning point n movement toward ethics, metaphysics, etc. n away from natural sciences n “What is necessary to live the virtuous life?” n Goodness innate in the human mind
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Socrates “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
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Plato n taught in the dialogue form n concerned with how one acquires knowledge n chief concern: ethics n important for early Christian theology
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Plato
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Aristotle n primary concern: everything n organization of human knowledge n division of learn into fields and subfields n important for medieval Christianity
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Aristotle
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The Peloponnesian War n Sparta and her Allies n Athens and her Allies n devastated Classical Greece n devastated both Sparta and Athens
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Athens and Sparta: the Peloponnesian War
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The Rise of Macedonia n Philip of Macedon n Alexander the Great –the turning point of both Ancient and World history –no Alexander, then it’s a very different world
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Alexander the Great
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Conquests of Alexander n the Persian Empire, plus a little extra n rapid spread of Hellenism n the Successor Kingdoms –establishment of a permanent link –The West to China –never closed
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Empire of Alexander the Great
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Successor Kingdoms
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Books for you to read n Barry Strauss. The Trojan War n Paul Cartledge. Thermopylae n E. Bradford. Thermopylae: The Battle for the West n A.R. Burns. Persia and the Greeks n D. Kagan. The Peloponnesian War n N.G. L. Hammond. A History of Greece n R. Sealy. The Greek Polis n Leonard Cottrell. The Bull of Minos
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More Books n E. Gruen. The Hellenistic World n E. Gruen. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome n W.W. Tarn. The Hellenistic World n W.W. Tarn. Alexander the Great n Ulrich Wilken. Alexander the Great n N.G.L. Hammond. Alexander of Macedon n Mark Munn. The School of Hellas
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And More books n V. Ehrenberg. From Solon to Socrates n Christian Meier. Athens n J. Morris and B.B. Powell. The Greeks n O. Murray. Early Greece n J.K. Davies. Democracy and Classical Greece n W.F. Walbank. The Hellenistic World n R. Osbourne. The Making of Greece n A.H.M. Jones. Sparta
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