1. Liuotuksen kinetiikka – sileiden pintojen karheus Dissolution kinetics – the roughness of even surfaces Tapio Salmi and Henrik Grénman Outotec 10.2.2012

2. Outline  Background of solid-liquid reactions  New methodology for solid-liquid kinetic modeling  Description of rough particles  General product layer model  Particle size distribution  Conclusions

3. Milestones from ÅA perspective  Lectures in chemical reaction engineering at ÅA in 70’s: Ready formulae were presented for ideal surfaces for gas solid reactions  students did not understand anything  At undergraduate library: Denbigh-Turner Chemical reactor theory – the ideal concepts logically explained  Organic liquid-phase reaction kinetics [ideal non-porous particles] (Tirronen et al. 1998)  Cellulose substitution [completely porous particles] (Valtakari et al. 2003)  Zink leaching – old theory and experimental observations in conflict (Heidi Markus (Bernas) et al. 2004)  General theory of rough particles (Salmi et al. 2010)  General theory for product layer model (Salmi et al. 2011)  Particle size distribution (Grénman et al. 2011)

4. Solid-liquid reaction kinetics The aim is to develop a mathematical model for the dissolution kinetics

5. Why modeling is useful?  Modeling helps in effective process and equipment design as well as control  Empirical process development is slow in the long run  The optimum is often not achieved through empirical development, at least in a reasonable time frame

6. What influences the kinetics A A + B → AB → C (l) C AB Reaction rate depends on –Mass transfer External Internal (often neglected) –Intrinsic kinetics (the “real” chemical rates

7. Practical influence of mass transfer  External mass transfer resistance can be overcome by agitation  It is important to recognize what you actually are measuring

8. What influences the kinetics  Reaction rate depends on  Surface area of solid  Morphological changes  Reactive surface sites on solid  Heterogeneous solids  Possible phase transformations in solid phase  Equilibrium considerations  Complex chemistry in liquid phase

9. Traditional methodology The conversion is followed by measuring the solid or liquid phase Time Concentration

10. Sphere Cylinder Slab Shrinking particle Shrinking core Traditional hypothesis in modeling solid-liquid reactions

11. Traditional kinetic modeling – screening models from literature The kinetics depends on the surface area (A) of the particles Because of the difficulties associated with measuring the surface area on- line, the change is often expressed with the help of the conversion Experimental test plots are used to determine the reaction mechanism

12. Surface area of solid phase The change in the total surface area of the solid depends strongly on the morphology of the particles Models based on ideal geometries can be inadequate for modeling non-ideal cases The particle morphology can be implemented into the model with the help of a shape factor

13. Reaction rate: Shape factor: Reaction rate: The morphology can be flexibly implemented with the help of a shape factor (a) New methodology for general shapes GeometryShape factor (a) x= 1/a 1-x Slab110 Cylinder2½1/2 Sphere31/32/3 Rough, porous particle high value 00 11

14.  Detailed considerations give a relation between area (A), specific surface area ( σ ), amount of solid (n), initial amount of solid(n 0 ), and molar mass (M); a=shape factor GeometryShape factor (a) x= 1/a 1-x Slab110 Cylinder2½1/2 Sphere31/32/3 Rough, porous particle high value 00 11 Often kinetics is closer to first order! The roughness is always there, σ =1 m 2 /g is not a perfect sphere!

15. New methodology  The solid-liquid reaction mechanism should be considered from chemical principles, exactly like in organic chemistry! Solid contribution Liquid contribution

16. The dissolution of zink with ferric iron ZnS(s) + Fe 3+ ↔ I 1 (I) I 1 + Fe 3+ ↔ I 2 (II) I 2 ↔ S(s) + 2 Fe 2+ + Zn 2+ (III) ________________________________________________ ZnS(s) + 2Fe 3+ ↔ S(s) + 2 Fe 2+ + Zn 2+ The mechanism gave the following rate expression

17. The dissolution of zink with ferric iron The reaction order is not 2/3 but clearly higher! Wrong reaction order in the kinetic model is the worst mistake!

18. General product layer model

19. General product layer model in a nutshell

20. Comparison of shrinking particle and product layer model

21. Effect of shape factor

22. Particle size distribution VC = standard deviation / mean particle size If the particle size distribution deviates significantly from the Gaussian distribution, erroneous conclusions can be drawn about the reaction mechanism VC=0 VC=1.2 VC=1.5 VC=0 Shrinking sphere

23. Implementing the particle size distribution into modeling Gibbsite is rough/porous and cracks during dissolution The surface area goes through a maximum, non-ideal behavior

24. Implementing the particle size distribution into modeling The Gamma distribution is fitted to the fresh particle size distribution and the distribution is divided into fractions The shape parameter (k) and the scale parameter ( θ ) are kept constant

25. Implementing the particle size distribution into modeling 020406080100120140160180 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 Diameter (μ m) Frequency (counts/min) time A new radius is calculated for each fraction and each fraction is summed to obtain the new surface area in the reactor The new surface area is implemented into to rate equation

26. The fit of the model and sensitivity analysis 23456789101112 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 shape factor Obj. function 0.80.911.11.21.3 x 10 5 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Obj. function 00.10.20.30.40.5 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 x 10 4 k 0 (1/(min m 2 )) Obj. function E a (J/mol) 0510 152025 30 35 0 20 40 60 80 Time (min) Concentration (g/L) 0 10 203040 0 20 40 60 80 Time (min) Concentration (g/L)

28. Conclusions  Modeling is an important tool in developing new processes as well as optimizing existing ones  Solid-liquid reactions are in general more difficult to model than homogeneous reactions  Traditional modeling procedures have potholes, which can severely influence the outcome  Care should be taken in drawing the right conclusions about the reaction mechanisms

29. Things to consider in modeling  Some important factors: 1.Be sure about what you actually are measuring 2.Evaluate if the particle size distribution needs to be taken into account (VC<0.3) 3.If the morphology is not ideal use a shape factor to describe the change in surface area (surface area, density and conversion measurements needed) 4.Use sensitivity analysis to see if your parameter values are well defined

30. Some relevant publications  Salmi, Tapio; Grénman, Henrik; Waerna, Johan; Murzin, Dmitry Yu. Revisiting shrinking particle and product layer models for fluid-solid reactions - From ideal surfaces to real surfaces.Chemical Engineering and Processing 2011, 50(10), 1076-1084.  Salmi, Tapio; Grénman, Henrik; Bernas, Heidi; Wärnå, Johan; Murzin, Dmitry Yu. Mechanistic Modelling of Kinetics and Mass Transfer for a Solid-liquid System: Leaching of Zinc with Ferric Iron. Chemical Engineering Science 2010, 65(15), 4460-4471.  Grénman, Henrik; Salmi, Tapio; Murzin, Dmitry Yu.; Addai-Mensah, Jonas. The Dissolution Kinetics of Gibbsite in Sodium Hydroxide at Ambient Pressure. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2010, 49(6), 2600-2607.  Grénman, Henrik; Salmi, Tapio; Murzin, Dmitry Yu.; Addai-Mensah, Jonas. Dissolution of Boehmite in Sodium Hydroxide at Ambient Pressure: Kinetics and Modelling. Hydrometallurgy 2010, 102(1-4), 22-30.  Grénman, Henrik; Ingves, Malin; Wärnå, Johan; Corander, Jukka; Murzin, Dmitry Yu.; Salmi, Tapio. Common potholes in modeling solid-liquid reactions – methods for avoiding them. Chemical Engineering Science (2011), 66(20), 4459-4467.  Grénman, Henrik; Salmi, Tapio; Murzin, Dmitry Yu.. Solid-liquid reaction kinetics – experimental aspects and model development. Rev Chem Eng 27 (2011): 53–77