1. TEQIP-II Institutions
Engineering System
ENG001
Case study on
BRIDGES
Civil Engg. Group
TEQIP-II Institutions

2. Session-1
Concepts
Tension - a force which acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on.
Compression - a force which acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on.
Compression
Tension

3. Session-1
Concepts
Bending - When something pushes down on the beam, the beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart.
Stresses
Deflection

4. Session-2
Concepts
Span- the distance between two bridge supports, whether they are columns, towers .
Factor of safety
Loads
L= Length of Bridge

5. Session-2 Concepts Freeboard
The difference between H.F.L. (allowing afflux) and formation level of road embankment on approaches.
H.F.L.
Highest flood level is the level of highest flood ever recorded or the calculated level for design discharge.
Afflux
The rise in the flood level of the river immediately on the upstream of a bridge as a result of obstruction to natural flow caused by the construction of bridge and its approaches.

6. What is a need of Bridges?
Session-3
What is a need of Bridges?
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The obstacle to be crossed may be a river, a road, railway or a valley.
In other words, bridge is a structure for carrying the road traffic or other moving loads over a depression or obstruction such as channel, road or railway.

7. Historical Background
Session-3
Historical Background
Primitive Peoples:
Logs
Slabs of Rocks
Intertwined Vines or Ropes
Roman Empire
First Great Bridge Builders
Timber Truss Bridges
Masonry Arch Bridges
Europeans
Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
Nineteenth Century—
Modern Long Bridges
Moveable Bridges

8. Session-3 Famous Bridges
Millau Viaduct, France:
Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam :
808 m long, 32 m wide & 343 m high
Akashi Bridge, Japan :
3911 m long
Sutong Bridge, China :
8206 m long

9. Session-3
Components of Bridges

10. Components of Bridges A. Foundations Shallow Foundations
VARIOUS TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS
Shallow Foundations
1. Open foundations : Hard Strata is met at Shallow Depth or depth of foundation is upto 5 to 6 m.
2. Raft foundations : Foundation Strata is weak having low SBC
Deep Foundations
1. Pile Foundations: Hard strata is not available at shallow depth and scour depth is considerable.
2. Well Foundations: Hard strata is not available at shallow depth, scour depth is considerable and foundation is in water (may be river, sea).

11. Sinking of Well Foundation Boring of Pile Foundation
Components of Bridges
Sinking of Well Foundation
Boring of Pile Foundation
Casing of Pile Foundation

12. Components of Bridges B. Substructures Various Type of Substructures
Abutment
Cantilever wall type RCC
Gravity type PCC
Counter fort type
Spill through type
Box type
Piers
Wall type
Circular type
Semi circular type
Y-shape type
Wing wall / Return wall
Cantilever wall type RCC and PCC
RE Wall
Gabion Wall
Toe wall –RCC and PCC type

13. Components of Bridges B. Substructures
Cross Section of Pier with Pile Foundation
Cross Section of counterfort Abutment

14. Counterfort type Abutment
Components of Bridges
B. Substructures
Wall type Abutment
Counterfort type Abutment

15. Components of Bridges B. Substructures Circular Type Pier
Wall type Pier

16. Components of Bridges C. Superstructures
Earlier practice for Superstructure:
Girders and slab system or Box girders were designed & used
Girders & slabs system was more prominent due to majority bridges being of small / moderate spans.
Emerging design trend for Superstructure is
Long span bridges
Continuous structures
Segmental construction
Cast-in-situ
Pre-cast
Steel / concrete composite constructions
Extra dosed cable stayed structure to bridge longer span with shorter depths
Cable stayed bridges
Suspension bridges

17. Solid Slab type Superstructure Voided Slab type Superstructure
Components of Bridges
C. Superstructures
Solid Slab type Superstructure
Voided Slab type Superstructure

18. PSC Multi-girder slab system
Components of Bridges
C. Superstructures
RCC Multi-girder slab system
PSC Multi-girder slab system

19. PSC Box type Superstructure Steel type of Superstructure
Components of Bridges
C. Superstructures
PSC Box type Superstructure
Steel type of Superstructure

20. Components of Bridges C. Superstructures Cable Suspension
Bow String Girder

21. PSC Box type Superstructure Balance cantilever type Superstructure
Components of Bridges
C. Superstructures
PSC Box type Superstructure
Balance cantilever type Superstructure

22. Classification of Bridges
Session-4
Classification of Bridges
Bridges may be classified in many ways, as below:
According to the functions as aqueduct (canal or a river), viaduct (road, railway over a valley) pedestrian, highway, railway, road cum rail or a pipeline bridge.
According to material of construction of superstructure as timber, masonry, iron steel, RCC, PSC, composite etc.
According to form of superstructure as slab, girder(T girder, Box girder), truss, arch, cable stayed or suspension bridge.
According to inter-span relations as simple, continuous or cantilever.
According to the road level relative to the highest flood level of the river below, particularly for a highway bridge, as high level or submersible bridge.
According to the length of bridge
Length > 60m major bridges, 60m > Length > 6m minor Bridges, 6 > span Culverts.
According to the anticipated type of service and duration of use as permanent, temporary, military (pontoon, Bailey) bridge.

23. Classification of Bridges
According to the functions as aqueduct (canal or a river), viaduct (road, railway over a valley), pedestrian, highway, railway, road cum rail or a pipeline bridge.
Canal Bridge
Pedestrian Bridge
Railway Bridge

24. Classification of Bridges Highway Bridge (Flyover)
River Bridge
Railway Over Bridge

25. Classification of Bridges
According to material of construction of superstructure as timber, masonry, iron steel, RCC, PSC, composite etc.
Iron Steel Bridge
RCC Bridge
Timber Bridge
Masonry Bridge

26. Classification of Bridges
According to form of superstructure as slab, girder (T-girder, Box girder), truss, bridge.
T Girder Bridge
Slab Bridge
Truss Bridge
Box girder bridge

27. Classification of Bridges
According to form of superstructure as arch, cable stayed or suspension bridge.
Cable Stayed Bridge
Arch Bridge
Suspension Bridge

28. Classification of Bridges
According to inter-span relations as simple, continuous or cantilever.
Balanced Cantilever Bridge
Continuous Girder Bridge

29. Classification of Bridges
According to the road level relative to the highest flood level of the river below, particularly for a highway bridge, as high level or submersible bridge.
High Level Bridge
Submersible Bridge

30. Classification of Bridges
According to the anticipated type of service and duration of use as permanent, temporary, military (pontoon, Bailey) bridge.
Pontoon type temporary Bridge
Temporary Bailey Bridge
Temporary Military Bridge

31. Data Collections for Bridges
Session-5
Data Collections for Bridges
Hydraulic data
Site selection
Type of Bridges
Loading (IRC Standards)
Materials
Construction Techniques
Economy
Most Economical Span

32. State-of the Art in Bridges
Session-6
State-of the Art in Bridges
Takanaka nerrows Bridge- Japan
Various failure of bridges in world and India

33. References
Principles and Practice of Bridge Engineering By S. P. Bindra. Dhanpatrai publication
Bridge Engineering by S. C. Rangwala. Charotar Publication

34. Thank You