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Ancient Egypt & Kush (Nubia)
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Archaic Period Menes (Narmer) united upper and lower Egypt
Egypt’s first Pharaoh “Great House” started Egypt’s first Dynasty Menes (Narmer) united Egypt; first king capital was at Memphis most historians give his predecessor, Narmer, and not Menes, credit for unification Pharaoh “Great House”; Egyptian ruler Dynasty series of rulers from the same family
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The Old Kingdom 2686 – 2181 BC
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Pyramid Builders Pyramids Engineering tombs; Old Kingdom
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes … uh … what? ex. using a 43.5° angle for the pyramids to avoid collapse
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Pyramid Builders Imhotep Djoser Snefru Khufu (Cheops) master architect
Step Pyramid Snefru Red Pyramid (true pyramid) Khufu (Cheops) Great Pyramid of Giza Imhotep master architect; proclaimed to be a god Snefru commissioned Red Pyramid (first true pyramid) Khufu (Cheops) son of Snefru; commissioned Great Pyramid of Giza
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Mummification Afterlife Mummies Ka
life after death; focus of Egyptian Religion Mummies help the “ka” find it’s body Ka life spirit
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Mummification Sarcophagus Canopic Jars bone box; decorated coffin
held internal organs of mummy
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Gods and Goddesses Re (Rah or Amen-Re) Anubis sun god
god of the dead and mummification; jackal headed
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Gods and Goddesses Osiris Isis Horus god of the underworld
goddess of magic Horus sky god; god of the pharaohs
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The Middle Kingdom 1991 – 1786 BC
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Middle Kingdom “Renaissance” “rebirth” of Egypt
classical period of art and literature Egypt conquers Kush and gains wealth
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Middle Kingdom Hyksos Ahmose invaders from Southwest Asia
chariots and high-powered bows Ahmose defeated the Hyksos started the New Kingdom
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The New Kingdom 1567 – 1085 BC
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New Kingdom Queen Hatshepsut Thutmose III (Tutmosis)
mother of Thutmose III ran things; expaned trade wore a beard !!! Thutmose III (Tutmosis) killed his mom ??? great conqueror
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New Kingdom Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) Tutankhamen (Tutankhaton)
monotheism; worshipped Aton “the sun disc” Tutankhamen (Tutankhaton) restored old religion buried in the Valley of the Kings tomb found in 1922 by Howard Carter
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New Kingdom Ramses the Great ruled for 67 years, 100 children
great builder of temples defeated the Sea People
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Egyptian Life and Culture
Agriculture 80% of Egyptians were poor farmers
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Writing Hieroglyphics
Egyptian writing system, one of the world’s first, used symbols
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Writing Papyrus Rosetta Stone
long-lasting, paper-like substance made from reeds Rosetta Stone a stone slab discovered in 1799 that was inscribed with hieroglyphics and their Greek meanings; best archaeological source for translation of glyphs
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Architecture Pyramids Old Kingdom tombs Egypt’s most recognized symbol
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Architecture Temples Dedicated to gods and pharaohs
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Architecture Sphinx Obelisk head of a person and the body of a lion
largest single-stone statue ever Obelisk a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top like the Washington monument
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Art Tomb Paintings Murals
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Art Carvings “reliefs”
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Art Jewelry & Decorations
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Nubian / Kushite Period
Nubians (Kushites) Nubia conquered Egypt, then Egypt conquered Nubia known for their gold and jewelry Trade Network system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth Exports goods sent for sale in other countries or regions Imports goods brought in from other countries or regions
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Greek (Ptolemaic) Period
Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and becomes pharaoh; built the Lighthouse at Pharos and the Library of Alexandria Ptolemy one of Alexander’s generals, he was put in charge of Egypt as Alexander moved on to other conquests
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Roman Conquest Cleopatra Greek; descended from Ptolemy
committed suicide rather than be taken prisoner by Roman general Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar) she was Egypt’s last pharaoh and Egypt became Roman province
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