1. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 16
Injury and Violence
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

2. Injury: Creating Safe Environments
Unintentional injuries are those that are not purposefully inflicted
The leading causes of unintentional injury death for Americans of all ages are:
Motor vehicle crashes
Poisoning
Falls
Choking
Drowning
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

3. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Motor Vehicle Safety
Motor vehicle crashes account for 40% of all unintentional injury deaths
The highest number occur in the young (aged 16–19) as well as the old ( > 75 years)
Men are more likely than women to be killed in car crashes, although women are more likely to be involved in a car crash than men
About 85% of motor vehicle crashes are caused by improper driving such as:
Speeding
Failing to yield the right of way
Disregarding signals and stop signs
Making improper turns
Following too closely
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

4. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Motor Vehicle Safety
Defensive driving: anticipating potential hazards by keeping your eyes on other drivers and monitoring conditions
Other factors that contribute to crashes:
Driver inattention
Young children in car
Events outside the vehicle
Talking on cell phones
Drowsiness
Aggressive driving
Alcohol-impaired driving
Environmental hazards
Weather conditions such as fog, ice, wind, and glare
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

5. Distance Covered While Texting
Typical distance covered while texting.
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

6. Approaches to Motor Vehicle Safety
NHTSA standards
Restraint systems
Safety belts
One in seven adults does not wear a seat belt on every trip
Airbags: passive restraints that protects passengers from impact with the interior of the vehicle in a crash
Second collision: impact of an unbelted occupant with the windshield, steering wheel, doors, dashboard, other passengers, etc.
Emergency notification systems
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

7. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Other Safety Concerns
Pet restraints
Unrestrained pets can distract and cause injury to a driver and passengers in an accident
Motorcycle safety
Motorcyclists are 5 times more likely than passenger car occupants to die in a motor vehicle crash, and about 26 times more likely to be injured
Pedestrian safety
About 324 people in the U.S. go to the ER for pedestrian-related injuries every 24 hours
About 45% of deaths occur when pedestrians enter or cross streets
Children and older adults especially vulnerable
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

8. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Recreational Safety
Injuries can occur in a wide variety of recreational activities
Some recreational activities or sports which should be of concern are:
Bicycling
Operating all-terrain vehicles
Pocket bikes
Swimming, boating, waterskiing, jet skiing
Rock climbing
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

9. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Home Safety
40% of all disabling injuries occur in the home
Home injuries and deaths occur primarily as a result of the following:
Falls
Fires
Poisonings
Choking
Temperature-related injuries
Excessive noise
Concussions
Having a qualified person inspect your home for potential hazards could prevent future injury and property damage
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

10. Temperature-Related Injuries
Each year many people die due to excessive temperature conditions
Danger is highest for people 75 years and older
Excessive heat and humidity can lead to heat stroke
Each year, 37 children die in vehicles
Excessive cold can lead to a condition called hypothermia, which can lead to death
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

11. Providing Emergency Aid
You can help others who have been injured or are in life-threatening situations with training in first aid and emergency rescue techniques
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is used when someone is not breathing and a pulse cannot be found
Many organizations offer classes
American Heart Association
American Red Cross
Community or campus resource centers
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

12. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Work Safety
Improved over the past decades as a result of occupational laws and advances in safety technology
Back injuries account for 24% of total
Common injuries result from:
Improper lifting
Heavy backpacks
Extensive computer use
Strain on neck, back, arms, eyes
Repetitive strain injuries
Carpel tunnel syndrome (CTS)
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

13. Proper Lifting Proper lifting technique.
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

14. Workstation Setup Proper workstation setup.
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

15. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

16. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters: those caused by natural forces
Such events can result in loss of life, severe injury, or property damage
Tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, wildfires, earthquakes
Individuals can help themselves by preparing as much as they can for the types of disasters likely to occur where they live
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

17. Violence in the United States
Violence: the use of force or the threat of force to inflict intentional injury, physical or psychological, on oneself or to another person
Assault: an attack by one person on another using force or the threat of force to intentionally inflict injury
Aggravated assault: an attack that causes bodily injury, usually with a weapon or other means capable of producing grave bodily harm or death
Simple assault: an attack without a weapon that causes less serious physical harm
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

18. Crime Rates and Violence Facts
Rates of violent crime are actually lower in the U.S. than in most other developed countries, except in the area of homicide
Rates of homicide committed with a firearm are higher in the U.S. than any other country
Firearms are attributed to about a third of all violent crimes and 70% of all homicides
A third of women killed are killed by their husbands or boyfriends
One in five child homicides are committed by a family member
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

19. What Accounts for Violence?
Risk factors:
Age, sex, ethnicity
Socioeconomic level; lack of economic, educational, or employment opportunities
Exposure to media violence
Use of drugs and/or alcohol
Availability of guns
Public school system
Family background: child abuse; criminal activity by family members; lack of positive role models; chaotic family organization
Biological factors
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

20. Violence on College Campuses
The most common campus crime is burglary, followed by motor vehicle theft and aggravated assault
Since the Virginia Tech shooting, campuses have expanded emergency communication measures
The Campus Sexual Assault Victims’ Bill of Rights Act requires administrators to provide justice, medical treatment, and psychological counseling for crime victims and survivors
Reduced incidents of hazing and hate speech have created a safer environment
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

21. Factors that Motivate or Trigger Direct Assaults
Factors that motivated or triggered the direct assaults.
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

22. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Sexual Violence
Sexual assault is any sexual behavior that is forced on someone without his or her consent
Rape: forced sexual intercourse
Forced sodomy: oral or anal sexual acts
Child molestation
Incest
Fondling
Sexual coercion is the imposition of sexual activity on someone through the threat of nonphysical punishment, promise of reward, or verbal pressure
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

23. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Rape
Statutory rape: sexual intercourse with someone under the age of consent whether consent was given or not
Stranger rape: committed by someone unknown to the victim
Acquaintance rape: committed by someone known to the victim
Date rape: committed by someone with whom the victim has a dating relationship
Male rape: the victim is a man
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

24. Sexual Assault on Campus
Red zone: period when female students are at greatest risk for sexual assault
First-year: first few days or weeks of initial fall semester; second-year: entire first semester
Follow these tips:
If you feel unsafe, trust the feeling
Avoid being isolated with someone you don’t know
Know your surroundings
Don’t post your location online or on voic
Use a buddy system, and don’t go out alone at night
Lock your door
Practice safe drinking
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

25. What to Do If You Are Raped
Do whatever you need to do and can do to survive
Seek help as soon as possible by contacting law enforcement
To preserve evidence, do not shower, change your clothes, or modify the crime scene
Document everything you can remember about the attack
Visit a hospital afterwards to be given a rape exam
Rape counseling is critical to recovery
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

26. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Culture of Secrecy
Colleges and universities may be underreporting sexual assaults
When victims seek help from certain types of counselors and not the police, their assaults are not reported
Some colleges reply on mediation procedures, a practice explicitly discouraged by the departments of Justice and Education
Victims who come forward with an assault complaint often feel betrayed by mediation and gag policies
Victims should contact an advocacy group
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

27. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Child Sexual Abuse
Any interaction between a child and an adult or an older child for the sexual gratification of the perpetrator
Incest: sexual activity between family members, a particularly traumatic form of child sexual abuse
Many cases go unreported
The most frequently abused children are 9–11 years old; girls are abused three times as often as boys
Victims suffer long-term effects
Child sexual abusers may or may not be pedophiles
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

28. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.
Sexual Harassment
Includes two broad types of behavior or situations:
A person of authority who offers benefits for sexual favors or threatens retaliation for withholding sex
Suggestive language or intimidating conduct that creates a hostile atmosphere that interferes with a person’s work or academic performance
Is it harassment or flirting?
One person’s power over the other
Behavior that puts pressure on a person
Desire to end the interaction
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

29. Stalking and Cyberstalking
Stalking: malicious following, harassing, or threatening of one person by another
Women are four times as likely as men to be victims of stalking
Cyberstalking: use of electronic media to pursue harass, or contact another person who has not solicited the contact
Threatening, harassing, sexually provocative, or other unwanted s
Attack or impersonation of the person on bulletin boards or in chat rooms
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

30. Family and Intimate Partner Violence
Family violence is a broad term that includes several forms of violence or abuse:
Child abuse
Elder abuse
Violence against persons with disabilities
Intimate partner violence or domestic violence is abuse against one’s partner in an intimate relationship
The vast majority of victims are women (95–98%)
The American Medical Association has stated that the home is more dangerous to women than city streets
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

31. Family and Intimate Partner Violence
Domestic violence is usually characterized by a recurring pattern of escalating violence—a cycle of abuse
Sometimes referred to as battered woman syndrome, but can occur in any relationship
Tension build-up, violent outburst, “honeymoon” period, often promises of change; and repeat
Dating violence is widespread: 43 percent of college women experience violent or abusive dating behaviors
Help is available from social service agencies, hotlines, shelters, and more
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

32. Cycle of Abuse Cycle of domestic violence.
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

33. Workplace Violence, Hate Crimes, and Terrorism
Workplace violence: violent acts directed toward persons at work or on duty
Hate crimes: crimes motivated by bias against the victim’s ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, or disability
Terrorism: violence directed against persons or property, including civilian populations, for the purpose of instilling fear and engendering a sense of helplessness
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

34. The Role of Guns: Facilitating Violence
Guns contribute to the lethality of any violent incident
“Keep and bear arms” may not be as important today as in colonial times
Proponents of gun control support waiting periods for gun purchases, licensing of guns, restrictions on access by young people, and safer guns
Advocates for the right to bear arms include Students for Concealed Carry on Campus
Argue students need handguns for self-defense
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

35. The Role of Media and Entertainment
Violent acts occur more frequently in movies and TV than in real life
Repeated exposure may lead to habituation and desensitization
Prominent medical groups have concluded there is a connection between violence in mass media and aggressive behavior in children
The entertainment industry maintains these studies demonstrate only possible associations, and attempts at regulation would border on censorship
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.

36. Supporting Families and Communities
Families teach children self-control and constructive ways to deal with anger, frustration, and destructive impulses
Communities can help provide safe physical environments that are less conducive to criminal activity
Neighborhoods where people look out for each other are less inviting
College campuses need to continue and adapt prevention efforts and to promote gender equality, healthy relationships, healthy sexuality, and civility
© 2013 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved.