1. Digital Systems 1 Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani ©

2. Literature survey Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 2

3. Outline  Introduction  Resources  Resource management  Research orientation  Referencing sources guidelins 3 Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani ©

4. Introduction  A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers.  You need it at the beginning of your thesis, papers, etc.  what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 4

5. Outline  Introduction  Resources  Resource management  Research orientation  Referencing sources guidelins 5 Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani ©

6. Resources  Books Reference books ○ Highly valued general books ○ Usually with diverse topics Text books ○ Undergrad/grad courses ○ Have examples, exercise, CD, etc. Professional books ○ More of a gathering ○ Can be authored by multiple co-authors Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 6

7. Resources  Always start with a book (if there is no course)  Find the right book Level of knowledge Popularity, etc.  More recent books Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 7

8. Resources  Scholarly literature Review paper M.Sc and Ph.D. Thesis Journal paper ○ IEEE Transactions ○ IEEE Journals Brief paper (letters) Conference paper Tutorials (presentations) Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 8

9. Resources  The chronology of publication Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 9

10. Resurces  The chronology of publication Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 10

11. Resources  Other technical documents Standards Technical reports Application notes Datasheets Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 11

12. Resources  Patents More of a legal document Not much experimental data Brief ideas Specific construction More information on figures  Why/How to write a patent? Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 12

13. Resources  Internet A tool to access the research resources On-line data bases: IEEE, ACM, etc. ○ Sponsored by a legal institution Search Engines: Google, Yahoo, etc. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 13

14. How Google works  BEFORE you search: “Crawls” pages on the public web Copies text & images, builds database  WHEN you search: Automatically ranks pages in your results Word occurrence and location on page Popularity - a link to a page is a vote for it ~ 200 factors in all!

15. Searching Google  Think “full text” = be specific war of 1812 economic causes vs. history  Use academic & professional terms domestic architecture vs. houses genome society gets International Mammalian Genome Society also try combinations with association, research center, institute, directory, database  Keyword Meters!

16.  Specify exact phrases “tom bates” “what you're looking for is already inside you”  Exclude or require a word proliferation -nuclear bush legacy +environment

17. Limit your search to …  Web page title intitle:hybrid allintitle:hybrid mileage  Website or domain site:whitehouse.gov “global warming” site:edu “global warming”

18.  File type filetype:ppt site:edu “global warming”  Definitions define:pixel define:“due diligence”

19. On the results page  Search box (use to modify)  “Cache”  “Related pages”  “Translate this page”: sometimes useful for “additional” information Sample search

20. Resources  IEEE Website: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/ Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 20

21. Outline  Introduction  Resources  Resource management  Research orientation  Referencing sources guidelines 21 Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani ©

22. Literature survey  To analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through Summary Classification Comparison of prior research studies Reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.  Various types: self-contained unit -- an end in itself – Preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research. Thesis, Research Proposal, etc. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 22

23. Literature survey methodology  Top-down Start from a wider scope then go to the roots  Historical The timeline of the development Surrounding facts: ○ Society needs ○ Technology development ○ Etc. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 23

24. Literature survey methodology  You do not want to repeat the lit. survey every day!  Document your work: Take notes Summarize if you can Tabulate the results Figures, etc. Use your own keywords/conventions… Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 24

25. Literature survey  Introduction: Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature. Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research and scholarship; or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest. point of view ○ Criteria: for analysis and comparison ○ Sequence: the organization of the review ○ Scope: state why certain literature is or is not included Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 25

26. Literature Survey  What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define?  What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )? Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 26

27. Literature Survey  What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)?  How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper? Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 27

28. Literature Survey  Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?  Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective?  Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 28

29. Literature Survey  You need to conclude in your review  Summarize major contributions of maintaining the focus established in the introduction.  Evaluate the current "state of the art” Point out major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas or issues pertinent to future study.  Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central topic of the literature review and a larger area of study such as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or a profession. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 29

30. Research Orientation  Be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing  Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known  Identify areas of controversy in the literature  Formulate questions that need further research Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 30

31. Referencing Sources  What happened to me when I did not provide enough Reference info!  LaTex will help! Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 31

32. Referencing Sources  Use references to credit the ideas, measurements, computations, or writings of others. Examples:  Ideas In the meeting, Richard Feynman [1986] proposed that the cold temperatures affected the resiliency of the booster rocket's O-rings.  Measurements In 1862, Foucalt measured the speed of light to be 2.98 10E8 meters/second [Halliday and Resnick, 1974].  Computations The Energy and Environmental Policy Center at Harvard University calculated that the average person was three times more likely to die from lightning than from asbestos in school buildings [Cary, 1995].  Writings The Department of Energy [1988] released a preliminary report that assessed the health hazards at sixteen nuclear weapon plants. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 32

33. Referencing Sources  Use references to credit the wording of others. Example: Glenn T. Seaborg, former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, described NERVA's reactor as "a flyable, compact reactor, not much bigger than an office desk, that will produce the power of Hoover Dam, from a cold start, in a manner of minutes" [Borowski and others, 1989]. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 33

34. Referencing Sources  Use references to back up assertions in your writing Example: Compared with the large objects of operational debris, the microparticulate matter might appear to be a negligible threat. However, these particles obtain high orbital speeds that increase their threat to space activity [DeMeis, 1987]. Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 34

35. Referencing Sources  Use references to credit the illustrative concepts, art, or photography of others  You do not have to reference common knowledge Digital Systems Research Presentation Mohammad Sharifkhani © 35

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