1. THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND

2. Obj: To understand the consequences of the Crusades by identifying the background & motives that led to them.

3. BACKGROUND SPREAD OF ISLAM INTO SPAIN 711
RELATIONS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS & MUSLIMS DETERIORATE AT DEATH OF ABD AL-RAHMAN III 961
N. SPANISH CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS MOVE SOUTH
INCREASED TRADE IN MEDITERRA-NEAN BETWEEN MUSLIMS, BYZ., EUROPEANS
DISINTIGRATION WITHIN BYZANTINE EMPIRE
PROBLEMS BETWEEN ROME & CON-STANTINOPLE

4. TURKS & ALEXIUS I – BYZANTINES ASK FOR HELP BATTLE OF MANZIKERT 1071
TURKS MUSLIM CONVERTS
1071 CHALLENGED BY BYZANTINE EMPEROR
ASKS POPE FOR HELP
POPE AGREES BECAUSE HE HAS ULTERIOR MOTIVES
LIBERATE JERUSALEM FROM INFIDEL
DANGEROUS TIMES IN MIDDLE EAST FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS

5. POPE URBAN II & THE CALL AT CLAREMONT FRANCE
UNION B/W EASTERN & WESTERN CHURCHES HIS GOAL
“TAKE UP WEAPONS AGAINST THE INFIDEL” 1095 FIRST CRUSADE
ABSOLUTION IN ADVANCE FOR ANY AND ALL SINS MAY BE COMMITTED
FORGIVENESS OF PRIOR SINS AND ENTRANCE INTO HEAVEN - INDULGENCE
DEUS VULT – IT IS GOD’S WILL
CRUSADER STATES: EDESSA, ANTIOCH, JERUSALEM & TRIPOLI

6. 2ND CRUSADE 1144 FALL OF EDESSA – ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX
RULERS OF FRANCE & GERMANY ENLISTED BY ST. BERNARD
TOTAL FAILURE
ARMIES DIDN’T COORDINATE W/ EACH OTHER, NOT WELL ORGANIZED, NO COOPERATION FROM CRUSADERS LIVING IN LEVANT – FOUND A WAY TO MAKE IT WORK FOR THEM
FAILED PER BERNARD DUE TO LOSS OF GOD’S FAVOR DUE TO HUMAN SINFULNESS

7. 3RD CRUSADE – FALL OF JERUSALEM 1187
SALADIN TAKES JERUSALEM
KINGS CRUSADE: BARBAROSSA, RICHARD I OF ENGLAND, PHILIP II AUGUSTUS FRANCE
RESPONSE OVERWHELMING
BARBAROSSA INITIALLY SUCCESSFUL BUT DROWNED AFTER BEING THROWN FROM HIS HORSE & ARMY DETERIORATED
RICHARD & PHILIP SUCCESSES EARLY ALONG COAST BUT INLAND DISASTER STRUCK - POLITICS
RICHARD I NEGOTIATED SETTLE-MENT W/ SALADIN & SAFE & FREE ACCESS FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS

8. 4TH CRUSADE – DEATH OF SALADIN 1193
SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT III
EGYPT WAS GOAL
ROLE OF VENETIAN TRADERS
ZARA – CHRISTIAN VS. CHRISTIAN
CARELESS PREPARATION & INADEQUATE FINANCING
DIVERTED TO CONSTANTINOPLE AT REQUEST OF PATRIARCH
PLUNDERED BY CRUSADERS
CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED 1204, RELICS, ARTIFACTS, ANYTHING THEY COULD GET THEIR HANDS ON WERE STOLEN & BROUGHT BACK TO EUROPE

9. TETRARCHS – ST. MARKS, VENICE GRIFFIN – PISA CATHEDRAL, PISA HAGIA SOPHIA NOW A MOSQUE, ISTANBUL

10. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES
REOPENED TRADE BETWEEN EAST & WEST – DID IT EVER REALLY GO AWAY?
GROWTH OF ITALIAN PORT CITIES: VENICE, GENOA, PISA
SANCTIFICATION OF VIOLENCE
VISIBLE RELICS IN LEVANT ARE CASTLE RUINS
UNIFICATION OF EASTERN ORTHODOX & ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCES NEVER REALIZED
1ST WIDESPREAD ATTACK ON JEWS EVEN AFTER POPE TOLD CRUSADERS THEY WERE TO BE LEFT ALONE