1. Teaching Reading Sourcebook 2nd Edition
Chapter 6: Phonics
Teaching Reading Sourcebook 2nd Edition

2. Effective Phonics Instruction
Develops an understanding of the Alphabetic Principle;
Incorporates phonemic awareness;
Provides sufficient practice in reading words;
Leads to automatic word recognition;
Is only one part of a comprehensive reading program.
Alphabetic Principle: the systematic relationship between letters and sounds in words.
PA with letters
Practice: includes reading words in isolation, reading words in decodable texts, writing words from dictation.
Repeated practice enables students to read words automatically or by memory.
Other aspects of reading such as vocabulary and comprehension must be emphasized.

3. Systematic and Explicit Phonics Instruction
Systematic phonics: teaching sound/spelling relationships in logical instructional sequence
newly introduced skills built on existing skills
tasks arranged from simplest to most complex
Explicit phonics: concepts are clearly explained and skills are directly modeled
requires overt explanation of tasks to students
requires less inference/discovery by students
See example of Explicit Phonics Sequence chart on page 175.

4. Approaches to Phonics Instruction
Synthetic-explicit
blending individual sounds into words
Analogy instruction
using phonograms (rime) to identify words
Analytic
identifying word patterns without blending individual sounds
Embedded
implicit instruction in context of authentic reading and writing experiences
Synthetic: Offers the most support by a teacher; includes practice of reading words with phonic elements with decodable text. (Can begin at partial alphabetic phase.)
Analogy: Recognizing that the rime of an unfamiliar word is the same as rime in familiar word. This is easiest for students in the full alphabetic phase.
Analytic: This is the easiest for students at the consolidated alphabetic stage.
Embedded: The least systematic and least support from the teacher; requires students to predict word identities based on a variety of word solving skills that are limited in the early phase of word recognition development. This is problematic for at-risk students who need explicit instruction.

5. Effective Instructional Techniques for Explicit Phonics
Model “I do it”
explicit clear example
Lead “We do it”
monitoring student response
corrective feedback immediately: stop and model correct response for whole group
pacing to keep students actively engaged
signaling when students are to respond in unison
Check “You do it”

6. Phonics Scope and Sequence for Reading Programs
Begin with the most common sound/spellings.
High-utility sound/spellings should be introduced early.
Sequence moves from simple to complex.
Letter/sounds introduction enables words to be formed and read as soon as possible.
Sounds of letters that are easy to pronounce and blend should be introduced first.
Instruction of letters having similar sounds and shapes should be separated.
See Scope and Sequence of Phonic Instruction on page 178.
For example: m /m/ and a /a/ before j /j/, y /y/
For example: single consonants and short vowels
For example: a /a/, s /s/, m /m/, t /t/, I /i/, f /f/
Continuous sounds at beginning and middle stop, sounds at end /m/ /a/ /t/. See Structure of English, Chapter 1, p. 25.
For example lower case b and d, m and n.

7. Decoding Regular Words
Regular words are words in which each letter represents its most common sound.
Approximately 50% of English words are completely regular.
Struggling readers need explicit instruction in sounding out words orally and gradually moving to automatic recognition.
Blending routines include: sound-by-sound, continuous, whole word, and spelling focused.
See the Blending Routines chart on pages
Reference Phonics Chapter 6 pages for model.

8. Decodable Texts
Decodable text provides opportunities for beginning readers to
build confidence in reading;
apply what they learn in phonics instruction;
build automaticity and fluency.
Decodable text is controlled text that provides
reading practice with phonic elements that have been previously taught;
high frequency words and irregular words;
story words that may not be phonetically connected.

9. Phonogram Instruction
Phonogram or analogy phonics instruction builds on knowledge from systematic, explicit instruction in sound/spelling correspondences.
Although never the sole focus of early reading instruction, phonograms (word families) should be part of phonics instruction.
Knowing phonograms helps students move from blending individual phonemes to more advanced decoding of chunks of words.
Reference: Onset and Rime chart page for review of phonograms.

10. Word Work
Word work helps make the abstract concepts of decoding and encoding more concrete.
Word sorting: Students categorize words/pictures according to their phonetic characteristics.
Elkonin boxes with letters: Students match letters to sounds in letter boxes to make words.
Word building: Words are changed by substituting, inserting, or deleting letters.
Dictation: Provides practice writing words that contain patterns taught in phonics lessons with sound-by-sound or whole word methods.
See pages 202 and 206 for examples.
See page 188 for examples of types of word sorts.
See example of Elkonin boxes with letters on page 212.
See examples of word building on pages 225 and 234.
See examples of dictation on pages 219 and 230.

11. Phonics Research
Systematic phonics instruction is more effective in teaching children to read than non-systematic phonics or no phonics instruction.
Phonics instruction exerts its greatest impact on Kindergarten and first grade.
Phonics instruction increases the ability to comprehend text for younger readers and older readers with disabilities.
Systematic phonics instruction is effective in preventing reading problems in at-risk students, and it is effective in helping students overcome reading difficulties.

12. When to Assess and Intervene
Phonics assessment for beginning readers focuses on the Alphabetic Principle; decoding automaticity is measured in a context-free assessment of rate of single word reading.
Beginning readers, non-readers, or very weak readers need intervention in basic phonics and phonemic awareness.
Older struggling readers need instruction assessment in word attack skills; assessment data is crucial to identify their skill gaps.
Assessment and intervention for older readers should go beyond simple phonics.
Phonics assessment includes screening, progress monitoring and diagnostics.
Initial assessment begins with letter/spelling correspondences and moves gradually to decoding (e.g. CVC words).
Nonsense word assessment is effective for beginning readers, since they must rely on phonemic decoding rather than memorization to identify the word. (See page 195 for examples of phonics assessments.)