1. Interact: Ch 19 Outline Chapter 19, pgs 404-430
Early Latin America
Chapter 19, pgs

2. Spain & Portugal: Conquest
Iberian peninsula = heart of European frontier, conflict b/t Christianity & Islam → tradition of military conquest & rule over diverse beliefs

3. Iberian Society & Tradition
Urban w/ commoners in towns & villages
Serfdom & slave labor from cultural frontier
Professional bureaucracy of lawyers
Royal nomination of church officials
Trading posts in Africa
American Adaptations?

4. Chronology of Conquest
1492 to 1570: administration & economy est
1570 to 1700: colonial institutions formalized
1700 to 1800: intensified colonization through reform

5. Caribbean Crucible Caribbean proved to be a testing ground
Larger populations of natives served as serfs → encomienda
Rumors & hopes led to immigration
Devastation of natives led to church leaders fighting abuses → increased African slavery
↳Sets stage for colonial system in Mexico, Peru, & Brazil

6. Paths of Conquest The Conquerors
Conquests by individuals followed by civil society (women, missionaries, administrators)
Two pronged conquest:
Mexico
Peru
↳ Conquest then branched out, facing stiff resistance
The Conquerors
Men of humble origins conquered for greed & desire to convert
Greed always spurred new conquest
Created new nobility w/ rights over new peasantry

7. Conquest & Morality Violence of conquest raises questions of morality
Some argue natives are not fully human
Others argue natives should be treated fairly & converted peacefully
↳Results are mixed – only worst abuses moderated

8. Destruction & Transformation
Disease created demographic catastrophe
Seizure of native communal lands

9. Exploitation of the Indians
Outright enslavement was prohibited, but encomiendas acted as sources of labor
Colonists increasingly sought land as a source of wealth & governments extract labor
Mita
Spanish & natives selectively accept aspects of each others culture

10. Colonial Econ & Gov
Although Spanish America was an Ag society, mining (silver) was essential

11. Silver Heart of an Empire
Major discoveries made in Zacatecas, Mexico & Potosí, Peru
Mining labor evolves: from native slaves to encomienda workers to mita to wage wokers
One-fifth of all silver belongs to royal gov
Stimulates Ag & economy

12. Haciendas & Villages Industry & Commerce
Hacienda = rural estate owned by Spanish families & worked by natives → base of local aristocracy
Source of competition w/ native Ag villages
Industry & Commerce
America becomes self-sufficient except for luxuries
American silver key to Spanish commerce
Heavily regulated, Fleet system developed
Spanish silver envied, but much goes to wars, Chinese luxuries, & debts

13. Ruling an Empire: State
1 of 2
Ruling an Empire: State
King
Council of Indies
Viceroy of New Spain
Viceroy of Peru
Audiencias
Local Bureaucrats

14. Ruling an Empire: Church
2 of 2
Ruling an Empire: Church
Acted as a ruling force in colonies
Church & missionaries established ideological & intellectual framework

15. Brazil: First Plantation Colony
1st only thought to be useful for its timber (land of trade outposts & merchants)
Later nobles & capitaincies w/ feudal & econ power

16. Sugar & Slavery
Plantation colony & model for sugar-based Caribbean (now a backwaters)
Social hierarchy reflected plantation slavery
Bureaucracy mirrored Spanish America (although w/ strong connection to crown)
Intellectually dependent on Portugal

17. Brazil’s Age of Gold
Establishment of plantation colonies in Caribbean hurts Brazil & leads to economically diverse set of colonies
Discovery of gold, rejuvenates Brazil as economy & colony
Discovery of gold = mixed blessing
Positively (growth of cultural life)
Negatively (continued lack of industry in Portugal)

18. Multiracial Societies
Multiple ethnicities in Americas (all under varying conditions) created relations of power
Sociedad de Castas
Society of races
Europeans: Peninsulares, Creoles
Castas: mestizos, mulattos (↑ in # & importance)
Africans & Indians
Traditional distinctions b/t gender, age, class persist

19. Question Slide
Considering the relative decline of serfdom in Western Europe, what forces do you think led creation of coerced labor systems in colonies around the world?

20. 18th Century Reforms Shifting Balance
Expansion of economy & population in Europe led to progressive ideas in colonies
Shifting Balance
Spain weakened by debt & war began losing American monopoly
Death of Charles II & War of Spanish Succession led to legal concessions to French & English

21. Bourbon Reforms Pombal & Brazil
Reforms in Spain & Americas centered on restoring gov & econ efficiency
Disrupted patterns of influence
Economically developed new areas & adopted more liberal trade policies
Pombal & Brazil
Reforms in Portugal & Brazil mirror Spanish efforts
Advocated mercantilism
Monopoly companies & slaves used to expand Ag, introduce crops, revitalize plantations

22. Reforms, Reactions, & Revolts
Experienced rapid population growth
Social unrest increased as a result of new activist gov & growing economic prosperity
Success of revolts undermined by social division

23. Global Connections Created European societies
Basis for power & econ of Europe
But more complex b/c of econ, environments, indigenous cultures
New empires
Compare to Russia
Importance of coerced labor & gunpowder in early modern period

24. Interact: Ch 19 Outline
Question Slide
What are the similarities and differences between the Iberian empires and Russian empire?