1. PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS
Anastasia L. Maukar

2. Formulating Mutually Exclusive Alternatives
One of the important functions of financial management and engineering is the creation of “alternatives”
If there are no alternatives to consider then there really is no problem to solve!
Given a set of “feasible” alternatives, engineering economy attempts to identify the “best” economic approach to a given problem

3. Types of Economic Projects
Mutually exclusive alternatives
From a set of feasible alternatives, pick one and only one to execute
Mutually exclusive alternatives compete against each other
Independent projects
From a set of feasible alternatives select as many as can be funded in the current period
The “Do Nothing” (DN) alternative should always be considered

4. Economic Criteria
The decision process requires that the outcomes of feasible alternatives be arranged so that they may be judged for economic efficiency in terms of the selection criterion.
Equivalence provides the logic by which we may adjust the cash flow for a given alternative into some equivalent sum or series
How should they be compared?
Learn how analysis can resolve alternatives into equivalent present consequences, referred to simply as present worth analysis.

5. APPLYING PRESENT WORTH TECHNIQUES
One of the easiest ways to compare mutually exclusive alternatives is to resolve their consequences to the present time
The three criteria for economic efficiency are restated in terms of present worth analysis :

6. Chapter Opening Story – GE’s Healthymagination Project
GE Unveils $6 Billion Health-Unit Plan:
Goal: Increase the market share in the healthcare sector.
Strategies: Develop products that will lower costs, increase access and improve health-care quality.
Investment required: $6 billion over six years
Desired project outcome: Would help GE’s health-care unit grow at least twice as fast as the broader economy.

7. Ultimate Questions GE’ s Point of View:
Would there be enough demand for their products to justify the investment required in new facilities and marketing?
What would be the potential financial risk if the actual demand is far less than its forecast or adoption of technology is too slow?
If everything goes as planned, how long does it take to recover the initial investment?

8. Bank Loan vs. Project Cash Flows

9. Example 3.1 Describing Project Cash Flows – A Computer-Process Control Project
Year
(n)
Cash Inflows
(Benefits)
Cash Outflows
(Costs)
Net
Cash Flows
$650,000
-$650,000 1
215,500
53,000
162,500 2 … 8

10. Cash Flow Diagram for the Computer Process Control Project

11. Net Present Worth Measure
Principle: Compute the equivalent net surplus at n = 0 for a given interest rate of i.
Decision Rule for Single Project Evaluation: Accept the project if the net surplus is positive.
Decision Rule for Comparing Multiple Alternatives: Select the alternative with the largest net present worth.
Inflow
Net surplus
Outflow
PW(i) > 0
PW(i)
inflow
PW(i)
outflow

12. Example 3.2 - Tiger Machine Tool Company
$37,360
$35,560
$31,850
$34,400
inflow 1 2 3
outflow
$76,000

13. Present Worth Amounts at Varying Interest Rates

14. Can you explain what $30,065 really means?
Project Balance Concept
Investment Pool Concept

15. Project Balance Concept
Suppose that the firm has no internal funds to finance the project, so will borrow the entire investment from a bank at an interest rate of 12%.
Then, any proceeds from the project will be used to pay off the bank loan.
Then, our interest is to see if how much money would be left over at the end of the project period.

16. Calculating Project Balances

17. Project Balance Diagram – Four Pieces of Information
The exposure to financial risk
The discounted payback period
The profit potential
The net future worth

18. Useful Lives Equal the Analysis Period
Examples 3.3:
A firm is considering which of two mechanical devices to install to reduce costs in a particular situation. Both devices cost $1000 and have useful lives of 5 years and no salvage value. Device A can be expected to result in $300 savings annually. Device B will provide cost savings of $400 the first year but will decline $50 annually, making the second-year savings $350, the third-year savings $300, and so forth. With interest at 7%, which device should the firm purchase?

19. Useful Lives Equal the Analysis Period
Answer:

20. Useful Lives Equal the Analysis Period
Examples 3.4:
A purchasing agent is considering the purchase of some new equipment for the mail room. Two different manufacturers have provided quotations. An analysis of the quotations indicates the following:
The equipment of both manufacturers is expected to perform at the desired level of (fixed)output. For a 5-year analysis period, which manufacturer's equipment should be selected? Assume 7% interest and equal maintenance costs

21. Useful Lives Equal the Analysis Period
answer

22. Useful Lives Equal the Analysis Period
A firm is trying to decide which of two weighing scales it should install to check a package-filling operation in the plant. The ideal scale would allow better control of the filling operation and result in less overfilling. If both scales have lives equal to the 6-year analysis period, which one should be selected? Assume an 8% interest rate

23. Useful Lives Equal the Analysis Period
answer

24. Useful Lives Different from the Analysis Period
A diesel manufacturer is considering the two alternative production machines which are specific data are as follows:
The manufacturer uses an interest rate of 8% and wants to use the PW method to compare these alternatives over an analysis period of 10 years.

25. Useful Lives Different from the Analysis Period

26. Useful Lives Different from the Analysis Period

27. Infinite Analysis Period: Capitalized Cost
Another difficulty in present worth analysis arises when we encounter an infinite analysis period (n= ~)

28. Infinite Analysis Period: Capitalized Cost
Example:
A city plans a pipeline to transport water from a distant watershed area to the city. The pipeline will cost $8 million and will have an expected life of 70 years. The city anticipates it will need to keep the water line in service indefinitely. Compute the capitalized cost, assuming7% interest

29. Infinite Analysis Period: Capitalized Cost

30. Infinite Analysis Period: Capitalized Cost

31. Multiple Alternatives
The minimum required interest rate for invested money is called the minimum attractive rate of return, or MARR

32. Investment Pool Concept
Suppose the company has $76,000. It has two options. (1)Take the money out and invest it in the project or (2) leave the money in the pool and continue to earn a 12% interest.
If you take Option 1, any proceeds from the project will be returned to the investment pool and earn 12% interest yearly until the end of the project period.
Let’s see what the consequences are for each option.

33. $47,309 If $76,000 were left in the investment pool for 4 years
$76,000(F/P,12%,4)
$119,587
If $76,000 withdrawal
from the investment
pool were invested in
the project
Amount
Year
$35,650 1
$37,360 2
$31,850 3
$34,400 4
$35,650(F/P,12%,3)
$37,360(F/P,12%,2)
$31,850(F/P,12%,1)
$34,400(F/P,12%,0)
$49,959
$46,864
$35,672
$166,896
$47,309
Option A
Option B
The net benefit of
investing in the project
Investment Pool
PW(12%) = $47,309(P/F,12%,4) = $30.065

34. What Factors Should the Company Consider in Selecting a MARR in Project Evaluation?
Cost of capital
The required return necessary to make an investment project worthwhile.
Viewed as the rate of return that a firm would receive if it invested its money someplace else with a similar risk
Risk premium
The additional risk associated with the project if you are dealing with a project with higher risk than normal project
premium
Risk
MARR
Cost of capital

35. Week 4

36. Practice Problem
An electrical motor rated at 15HP needs to be purchased for $1,000.
The service life of the motor is known to be 10 years with negligible salvage value.
Its full load efficiency is 85%.
The cost of energy is $0.08 per Kwh.
The intended use of the motor is 4,000 hours per year.
Find the total present worth cost of owning and operating the motor at 10% interest.

37. Solution

38. Exercise 1
A piece of land may be purchased for $610,000 to be strip-mined for the underlying coal. Annual net income will be $200,000 per year for 10 years. At the end of the 10 years, the surface of the land will be restored as required by a federal law on strip mining. The reclamation will cost $1.5 million more than the resale value of the land after it is restored. Using a 10%interest rate, determine whether the project is desirable

39. Exercise

40. Exercise 2

41. Exercise 3

42. Exercise 4

43. Exercise 5