1. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 ® ® Tutorial 9: Working with Financial Tools and Functions

2. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 2010222 Objectives Work with financial functions to analyze loans and investments Create an amortization schedule Calculate a conditional sum Interpolate and extrapolate a series of values Calculate a depreciation schedule 2

3. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20103 Objectives Determine a payback period Calculate a net present value Calculate an internal rate of return Trace a formula error to its source

4. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20104 Visual Overview

5. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20105 Loan and Investment Functions

6. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20106 Excel Financial Functions Can be used with either investments or loans Difference is based on direction of cash flow

7. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20107 Evaluating Investment Options FunctionUse to calculate… PVPresent value of a loan or an investment FVFuture value of a loan or an investment PMTSize of payment in each period required to pay off a loan or meet an investment goal NPERNumber of payments required to pay off a loan or meet an investment goal RATEInterest on a loan or an investment

8. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20108 Calculating a Periodic Payment with the PMT Function Optional type argument specifies whether payments are made at end (type=0) or beginning (type=1) of each period – Default is type=0 Interest rate and payment period must use same time unit

9. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 20109 Calculating a Periodic Payment with the PMT Function Financial functions automatically format calculated values as currency Negative cash flows appear in red within parentheses

10. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201010 Calculating a Future Value with the FV Function

11. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201011 Calculating an Investment’s Length with the NPER Function Returns the number of payment periods, not necessarily the number of years

12. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201012 Calculating an Investment’s Present Value with the PV Function

13. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201013 Calculating an Investment’s Interest Rate with the RATE Function Value returned is the interest rate per period, not the interest rate per year

14. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201014 Working with Loans and Mortgages Use PMT function to calculate a quarterly loan payment

15. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201015 Creating an Amortization Schedule Amortization schedule specifies how much of each loan payment is devoted toward interest and toward repaying the principal Principal is the amount of the loan that is still unpaid

16. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201016 Creating an Amortization Schedule To calculate the amount of a loan payment devoted to interest and to principal – IPMT function returns the amount of a payment that is used to pay the interest on the loan – PPMT function calculates the amount used to repay the principal

17. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201017 Creating an Amortization Schedule Initial payment in the amortization schedule

18. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201018 Creating an Amortization Schedule Total amount paid each month doesn’t change, only how that amount is allocated between paying interest and paying off principal

19. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201019 Calculating Cumulative Interest and Principal Payments To calculate cumulative payments on interest and principal – CUMIPMT function calculates the sum of several interest payments – CUMPRINC function calculates the cumulative total of payments made toward the principal

20. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201020 Calculating Cumulative Interest and Principal Payments

21. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201021 Visual Overview

22. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201022 Income Statement and Depreciation

23. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201023 Projecting Future Income and Expenses Income Statement worksheet

24. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201024 Exploring Linear and Growth Trends Linear trend – Values change by a constant amount – Appears as a straight line Growth trend – Values change by a constant percentage – Appears as a curve; greatest increases occur near end of series

25. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201025 Interpolating within a Series of Values If you know beginning and ending values in a series and whether they constitute a linear or growth trend, AutoFill can fill in missing values

26. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201026 Projecting Future Expenses Gross profit – Difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold

27. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201027 Extrapolating from a Series of Values Use extrapolation to extend a series from one or more beginning values – Step value represents the amount that each value is increased or multiplied as the series is extended

28. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201028 Calculating Depreciation of Assets Depreciation – Process of allocating original cost of an investment over the years of use What you need to know to calculate the depreciation of a tangible asset: – Asset’s original cost – Asset’s useful life – Salvage value (value at the end of its useful life) – Rate at which the asset is depreciated over time

29. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201029 Depreciation Functions

30. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201030 FunctionUse to calculate… SLN functionStraight-line depreciation DB functionDeclining balance depreciation SYD functionSum-of-years’ digit depreciation DDB functionDouble-declining balance depreciation VBD functionVariable depreciation Calculating Depreciation

31. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201031 Straight-Line Depreciation Asset depreciates by equal amounts each year of its lifetime until it reaches the salvage value

32. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201032 Declining Balance Depreciation Asset depreciates by a constant percentage each year – Depreciation value is highest early in its lifetime; also when highest declines occur – As asset loses value, depreciation amounts steadily decrease, though the percentage decrease remains the same An example of a negative growth trend

33. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201033 Declining Balance Depreciation Asset depreciates more quickly initially under declining balance model than straight-line model

34. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201034 Completing the Income Statement Final income statement projections

35. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201035 Visual Overview

36. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201036 NPV, IRR, and Auditing

37. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201037 Calculating the Payback Period of an Investment Payback period – Length of time required for an investment to recover its initial cost – Quickly projects the value of an investment – Does not take into account the time value of money

38. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201038 Calculating Net Present Value Time value of money – Money received today is worth more than same amount received later (invest and earn interest) Rate of return (or discount rate) – Interest rate applied to present funds – Defines time value of money by measuring future dollars in terms of current dollars

39. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201039 Calculating Net Present Value Use PV (present value) function to calculate time value of money under different rates of return – Returns a negative value Use NPV (net present value) function to determine what would constitute a fair exchange if future payments are not equal – Returns a positive value

40. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201040 Choosing a Rate of Return Related to concept of risk—possibility that entire transaction will fail, resulting in loss of initial investment Investments with higher risks generally have higher rates of return At higher rates of return, net present value of investment goes down

41. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201041 Calculating the Internal Rate of Return Internal rate of return (IRR) – Point at which net present value of an investment equals 0 – Forms a basis of comparison between two investments Investments with higher IRRs are usually preferred to those with lower IRRs

42. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201042 Calculating the Internal Rate of Return Use IRR function to calculate internal rate of return for an investment – Like NPV function, it assumes that payments and payoffs occur at evenly spaced intervals – Unlike NPV function, include initial cost of the investment in the values list Use XNPV and XIRR functions for cash flows that appear at unevenly spaced intervals

43. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201043 Auditing a Workbook Errors will spread throughout a workbook from a precedent cell down through all of its descendents Use Excel auditing tools to trace an error back to its source

44. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201044 Tracing an Error Error code – Begins with # followed by error name, which indicates type of error – Does not specify where mistake is located Error indicator (green triangle in upper-left corner of cell) – Flags cells with an error or potential error Tracer arrows – Provide visual clue to relationship between two cells; point from precedent cell to dependent cell

45. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201045 Tracing an Error Error values traced across the worksheet

46. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201046 Tracing an Error Source of the error value

47. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201047 Evaluating a Formula Use Evaluate Formula dialog box to display value of different parts of the formula or “drill down” through cell references in the formula to discover the source of formula’s value

48. XP New Perspectives on Microsoft Excel 201048 Using the Watch Window Watch Window – Dialog box that displays values of cells located throughout the workbook – Allows user to view impact of changing a cell’s value on widely scattered dependent cells