1. Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Chapter 6
Hardware and Software in the Enterprise

2. Capabilities of computer hardware and computer software.
Objectives
Capabilities of computer hardware and computer software.
Major issues in the management of hardware and software assets.

3. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Hardware components of a computer system
Figure 6-1

4. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
Bit
Binary digit
Represents 0 or 1
Byte
String of eight bits
Stores one number, symbol, character, part of picture

5. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Bits and bytes
Figure 6-2

6. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic-Logic Unit: Perform principle logical/mathematical operations
Control Unit (CU): Control and coordinate other parts of computer
Machine Cycle: The series of operations required to process a single machine instruction.

7. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The CPU and primary storage
Figure 6-3

8. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
Primary Storage
Located near CPU
Stores all or part of active software programs
Stores operating system programs
Stores data the programs are using

9. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
Primary Storage
Composed of semi-conductors
Integrated circuits (ICs) made by printed tiny transistors on small silicon chips.
RAM (random access memory)
Used for short-term, temporary storage.
Any randomly chosen location can be accessed in the same amount of time.
Memory is lost, when power is off.
ROM (read-only memory)
Semiconductor memory chips with burn-in program instructions.
Store important and frequent use programs.

10. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Computer Processing
Microprocessors
Semiconductor chips integrate memory, logic, and control circuits for an entire CPU onto a single chip.
Speed depends on
Number of bits processed at one time (word length).
Amount of data that can be moved between CPU, primary storage, and other devices (data bus width).
Cycle speed (MHz, millions of cycles per second).
RISC (reduced instruction set computing) increases speed by embedding frequently used instructions in a CPS.
Can execute multiple instructions in a single machine cycle.
Used for scientific, workstation computing.

11. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Computer Processing
Parallel processing
Multiple CPUs work simultaneously on same problem by breaking down a problem into smaller parts (with a special software).
More than one instruction processed at a time
Massively parallel computers: use hundreds, thousands of inexpensive and commonly used processing chips.

12. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Sequential and parallel processing
Figure 6-4

13. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Secondary Storage Technology
Used for relatively long-term storage of data outside CPU.
Nonvolatile and retain data even when the power is off.
Devices:
Magnetic disk: floppies, hard disks, removable disk drives, RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
Optical disk (compact disks, CD, or laser optical disks): CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory, up to 700 MB), CD-RW (CD-ReWrite), DVD (digital video disk or digital versatile disk, 4.7 GB minimum)
Magnetic tape (inexpensive, sequential access)

14. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Storage Networking
Enable firms to manage all storage resources centrally by providing an overall storage plan for all storage devices in the enterprise.
Storage networking arrangements:
direct-attached storage: storage devices are connected and accessed directly through a server. Access bottleneck is possible.
network-attached storage (NAS): RAID with a dedicated server.
storage area networks (SAN): dedicated high-speed storage network. SAN creates a large pool of storage that can be shared by multiple servers and users.

15. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
A storage area network (SAN)
Figure 6-5

16. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Input and Output Devices
Input devices: Gather data and convert them into electronic form for computer use.
Output devices: Display data after they are processed.

17. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Input Devices
Keyboard and mouse
Touch screen
Optical character recognition (OCR)
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
Pen-based input
Digital scanner
Audio input
Sensors
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

18. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Output Devices
Cathode-ray tube (CRT) or video display terminals (VDTs)
Printers
Audio output

19. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Batch Processing
Accumulates and stores transactions in group or batch until time to process them
Found primarily in older systems for occasional reporting
Use tape storage
Online Processing
Transactions processed immediately
Use disk storage

20. Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Interactive Multimedia
Integrates sound, video or animation, graphics, text into computer-based application.
Foundation of new consumer products and services: e-books, e-newspapers, e-classrooms, video conferencing, imaging design, video/voice mails.
Streaming technology: Technology for transferring and processing data as a steady and continuous stream.
New compression standards: MP3 (MPEG3), Motion Picture Experts Group, audio layer 3. Compress audio files down to one-tenth or one-twelfth of their original size with virtually no loss in quality.

21. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Classifying Computers
Mainframe: Largest computer with massive memory and rapid processing power; handles massive amounts of data and complicated processes; used for large business, scientific, military applications.
Midrange computer: Smaller, less expensive minicomputers or servers; used for smaller organizations or managing networks of other computer.
Minicomputers: Used in systems for universities, factories, research labs.
Servers: Manage internal company networks or Web sites.
Server Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for e-commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers.

22. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Classifying Computers
Personal computer: Portable or desktop microcomputer.
Workstation: More powerful desktop computer used for computation-intense tasks such as mathematical and graphical processing.
Supercomputer: Sophisticated, powerful computer used for tasks requiring rapid, complex calculations; weapons research, weather forecasting.

23. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing
Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers.
Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network.
Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer.

24. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Client/server computing
Figure 6-6

25. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Types of client/server computing
Figure 6-7

26. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing
Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently; minimal memory, storage, and processor power; software and application are downloaded as needed.
Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks; computers work together without a server or any central controlling authority. (Examples: Kazaa)
Grid computing: Applies unused computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problem. (Examples: DNA project, Bank-One risk analysis)

27. Two major types of software:
Software program: A series of statements or instructions to the computer
Coding, programming, programmer, developer.
Two major types of software:
System software: Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources (system programmer)
Application software: Programs written for or by users to perform a specific task (application programmer)

28. The major types of software
Figure 6-8

29. System Software and PC Operating Systems
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
Operating system software: Manages the computer system, resources; controls memory, input, output, and task scheduling
Capabilities: multi-programming, virtual storage, time-sharing, multi-processing
Computer language translation programs: Compiles or interprets source code of high-level language programs (C, FORTRAN, BASIC) into object code - machine language the computer can execute
Utility programs: Perform routine, repetitive tasks such as copying, clearing primary storage

30. System Software and PC Operating Systems
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
Operating System Capabilities
Multiprogramming: Concurrent use of CPU by multiple programs
Virtual storage: Breaks programs into smaller portions to read as needed
Time-sharing: Allows many users to share CPU time
Multi-processing: Links two or more CPUs to work in parallel in single computer system

31. System Software and PC Operating Systems
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
PC Operating Systems
Software written for one OS generally cannot run on another
Graphical User Interface (GUI): Make extensive use of icons, buttons, bars, boxes, and windows to perform input tasks.
Become dominant model for user interface for operating systems and applications.

32. System Software and PC Operating Systems
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
Leading PC Operating Systems
Windows XP (eXPerience) Home / Professional
Windows 2000, high performance for network servers
Windows Server 2003, server OS
Windows 98/ME (priori to Windows XP)
Windows CE, for handheld and wireless devices
Unix, reliable, scalable, portable, multi-tasking, multi-processing, multi-user access, networking
Linux, unix OS for PCs, open-source software
Mac OS
DOS, 16-bit OS

33. Application Programming Languages
Types of Software
Application Programming Languages
Machine language
1st generation; binary code; slow and labor intensive C
Operating systems; application software
C++
Object-oriented; application software
COBOL
Business administration; alphanumeric processing; reporting (Common Business Oriented Language)
Visual Basic
Visual tool; Windows applications

34. Application Programming Languages
Types of Software
Application Programming Languages
FORTRAN
Processing numeric data; scientific, engineering programs
BASIC
Used for teaching
Pascal
Used primarily for teaching programming
Assembly language
Second generation; close to machine language; system software

35. Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Fourth generation languages: Enable end users to develop applications with minimal or no assistance; less procedural
Procedural languages: Require sequence of steps
Nonprocedural languages: Specify tasks but not details on sequence
Natural languages: Nonprocedural languages resembling human speech
Query languages: Software tools for providing online answers to information requests

36. Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages
Types of Software
Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages
PC software tools
General-purpose packages
WordPerfect, Microsoft Access
Query language
Retrieve data stored in databases or files
SQL
Report generator
Retrieve data, more formatting control; Crystal Reports
Graphics language
Retrieve data, graphics format
SAS Graph; Systat

37. Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages
Types of Software
Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages
Application generator
Preprogrammed modules
FOCUS, Microsoft FrontPage
Application software package
Commercial software replacing need for custom, in-house software
PeopleSoft HCM, SAP R/3
Very high-level programming language
Generate code with fewer instructions; productivity tool for programmers
APL, Nomad2

38. Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Object-Oriented Programming
Combine data and methods (procedures) into one object
Objects are independent, reusable building blocks
Based on concepts of class and inheritance

39. Types of Software
Class and inheritance
Figure 6-9

40. Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Java
Object-oriented
Platform-independent
Robust; handles data, graphics, video, sound
Can create “applets”; often used on Web
Java applications tend to run slower than “native” programs

41. Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language; creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents (instructions are called tags)
XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes data as a web document for programs to use; provides standard format for data exchange (DTD, Document Type Definition; Ex., RosettaNet)
XHTML: Reformulates HTML with XML document-type definitions

42. Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
Types of Software
Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
Word processing software: Store data electronically as a computer file; Create, format, print documents, spelling / grammar check, mail merge
Microsoft Word, WordPerfect
Desktop publishing software: Produce professional-quality documents with greater formatting, design capabilities for text, graphics, and photos
Adobe PageMaker, QuarkXpress
Spreadsheets: Display and store data in grid for calculating numerical data; recalculation, modeling, what-if analysis, break-even analysis
Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3
Data management software: Store, manipulate data in lists and databases; query, reporting
Microsoft Access, Oracle, Sybase

43. Text and the spell-checking option in Microsoft Word
Types of Software
Text and the spell-checking option in Microsoft Word
Figure 6-10

44. Types of Software
Spreadsheet software
Figure 6-11

45. Data management software
Types of Software
Data management software
Figure 6-12

46. Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
Types of Software
Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
Presentation graphics: Create professional-quality graphics and multimedia presentations
Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance Graphics, Aldus Persuasion, Paint-Shop-Pro
Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or more applications; easy data transfer
Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, StarOffice
software: Computer exchange of messages; broadcast, forward, attachment
Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources
Groupware: Support activities of workgroups; group writing and commenting, info sharing, e-meeting, scheduling,
Microsoft Office (business version), Lotus Notes, LiveLink (OpenText), Groov (peer-to-peer)

47. Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business
Types of Software
Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business
Enterprise software: Integrates multiple business processes
Legacy system: System in place for long time
Middleware: Software that connects two disparate systems; in-house or vendor solution
Enterprise application integration (EAI) software: Middleware to create hub connecting applications and application clusters
WebMethods, Tibco, CrossWorlds, SeeBeyond, BEA, Vitria

48. Types of Software
Enterprise application integration (EAI) software versus traditional integration
Figure 6-13

49. Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business
Types of Software
Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business
Web services: Universal standards using Internet technology for exchanging data between systems
Web server: Manages requests for Web pages on computer where they are stored
Application server: Middleware software handling application operations between user and back-end business systems

50. A multitiered architecture for e-commerce and e-business
Types of Software
A multitiered architecture for e-commerce and e-business
Figure 6-14

51. Application Integration to the Rescue
Types of Software
Window on Technology
Application Integration to the Rescue
How can enterprise application integration and Web services technology provide value for organizations?
What management, organization, and technology issues should be addressed when making the decision about whether to use these technologies?

52. Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Hardware Technology Requirements
For Electronic Commerce and the Digital Firm
Selection and use of computer hardware and software technology can have a profound impact on business performance.
Capacity planning: Process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated
Max users, future software applications, min response time (Ex. Nasdaq)
Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down

53. Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets
Includes both direct and indirect costs
Hardware and software acquisitions account for only 20% of TCO
TCO for a PC may run to three times original purchase price
Hidden costs can make distributed architecture more expensive than centralized mainframes
Support staff, down time, network management

54. Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Cost Components
Hardware acquisition
Software acquisition
Installation
Training
Support
Maintenance
Infrastructure
Downtime
Space and energy

55. Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
Storage service provider (SSP): Provides online access to storage devices and storage area network technology
Availability, reliability, flexibility, response time.
Application service provider (ASP): Delivers applications over networks on subscription basis
Payroll, HR, sales force automation, financial management, benefit, tax calculation
Management service provider: Manages applications, systems, security, storage, Web sites, system performance

56. Model of an Application Service Provider (ASP)
Types of Software
Model of an Application Service Provider (ASP)
Figure 6-15

57. Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
Business continuity provider: Defines procedures for recovery from system malfunctions, disaster recovery
Utility computing (on-demand computing, usage-based pricing; IBM): Model in which companies pay only for resources used in a specific time period