1. Georgia Institute of Technology | Milwaukee School of Engineering | North Carolina A&T State University | Purdue University University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | University of Minnesota | Vanderbilt University Final Presentation Aug. 5, 2009 Kristen Collar Florida State University Physics Georgia Institute of Technology | Milwaukee School of Engineering | North Carolina A&T State University | Purdue University University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | University of Minnesota | Vanderbilt University Project 1G.2: Carbon Nanotube Additives for Fluid Power Efficiency Dr. Ilker Bayer Andrea Brown Rachel Loth Dr. Eric Loth Phil Martorana Adam Steele

2. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 2 Motivation Background Objective Experiment Results Conclusions Outline

3. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 3 Motivation Reduce Turbulent Drag using dilute concentrations of additives in fluid flow line systems

4. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 4 Toms and Mysels discovered in the 1940s that the addition of a very small amount (~ppm) of a high molecular weight polymers to a turbulent flow could greatly reduce turbulent frictional drag Motivation

5. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 5 Motivation Fire hoses Alaskan pipe lines Submarines

6. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 6 Background Drag reducing effectiveness of polymer molecules degrades with their time in the flow Degredation limits the application to a non- recirulating system No one has shown drag reduction with the addition of only carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

7. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 7 Objective Investigate turbulent drag reduction using CNT nanofluids Employ the high strength properties of CNTs to reduce degredation and scission effects Optimize dispersion using surfactants and sonication

8. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 8 Methodology

9. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 9 Sonication

10. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 10 Sonication

11. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 11 Dispersion Sonication Triton X-100 5 weeks later BeforeAfter

12. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 12 Imaging CNTs without surfactant CNTs with surfactant (SDS) Envionmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)

13. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 13 Imaging Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) CNTs without surfactant CNTs with surfactant (SDS) 1000nm

14. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 14 Experimental Setup Flowmeter

15. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 15 Results

16. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 16 Results

17. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 17 Results

18. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 18 Results

19. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 19 Conclusion Using TEM, single dispersed CNTs with <8 nm diameter were imaged Stable dispersions were achieved for CNT nanofluids using sonication and surfactants CNTs alone have not shown significant drag reduction

20. Project 1G-2Kristen Collar 20 Future Work CNTs with different aspect ratios PEO and <8nm diameter CNTs Investigate the transitional area Experiment on tubes of different roughness