1.  Retributive Theories of Punishment  eye to the satisfaction and psychological benefits it can bestow to the aggrieved party, its intimates and society  Let the punishment fit the crime  Relies on intuition that perpetrator gets what they deserve  Consequentialist Theories of Punishment  Puinishment justified to the extent that it brings about certain outcomes (protect society, rehabilitation) THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT

2. RETRIBUTION IS REWARDING

3.  We attribute mental states to perpetrator  Intention to harm etc  Retribution diminished when interacting with non- intentional objects  Is this a systematic illusion? THEORY OF MIND & PUNISHMENT

4.  One dimension of criminality: self-control  Capacity to inhibit impulses, allow long-term goals and planning  Instead of binary free will/no free will, is there a continuous dimension of responsibility (such as extent of self-control, intact frontal lobe function?) HARD DETERMINISM AND CRIMINALITY

5. Design of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Moffitt T E et al. PNAS 2011;108:2693-2698 ©2011 by National Academy of Sciences

6. Self-control gradient. Moffitt T E et al. PNAS 2011;108:2693-2698 ©2011 by National Academy of Sciences

7. HARE ET AL. STUDY

8. HARE ET AL.

10. SUCCESSFUL VS. UNSUCCESSFUL PSYCHOPATHY PCL-R Facet 1 glib/superficial, grandiose, lying, and conning/ manipulating; PCL-R Facet 4, poor behavior controls, early behavior problems, and criminal versatility

11.  Given that there is a rationality to this kind of offending that requires careful calculations, we hypothesize that white-collar offenders have superior executive functioning and attentional functioning compared to controls, as well as enhanced brain cortical thickness, particularly in brain areas that play a role in decision-making, attention, and social perspective-taking and which could confer an advantage in their reaction and adaptation to organizations. ARE WHITE COLLAR CRIMINALS MORE RESPONSIBLE?

12. INCREASED EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING, ATTENTION, AND CORTICAL THICKNESS IN WHITE ‐ COLLAR CRIMINALS Human Brain Mapping pages n/a-n/a, 17 OCT 2011 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21415 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hbm.21415/full#fig1 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hbm.21415/full#fig1

13. REDUCED VOLUME MFC/OFC

14.  Insensitive to whether or not agent acts freely  Consistent with hard determinism CONSEQUENTIALIST PUNISHMENT

15.  Goodenough: free will changes strategic interaction if perpetrator believes society believes he/she has free will, then believes he/she will be held accountable for actions STRATEGIC ROLE OF FREE WILL

16. DISBELIEF IN FREE WILL REDUCES AGENCY