1. Deviance and Social Control
Chapter 8
Deviance and Social Control

2. Social Deviance Clips

3. Introduction What do all of these behaviors have in common?
Continuously talking to oneself in public.
Drag racing on a public street or highway.
Regularly using illicit drugs.
A man wearing women’s clothing
Attacking another person with a weapon.

4. Individuals do not internalize every norm.
Introduction
Individuals do not internalize every norm.
Even sanctions cannot bring about complete social control.
Behavior that violates significant social norms is known as deviance.

5. The Nature of Deviance
What is considered deviant also varies from society to society.
Divorce- legal in the U.S./illegal in the Philippines
Store hours on Sundays
The number of occurrences of an action can help to determine if you are deviant or not.
Speeding ticket- not necessarily deviant based on one ticket.
Murder- probably deviant if you kill someone

6. The Nature of Deviance How is someone labeled as being deviant?
1. They must be detected (caught) for the deviant act.
Ex. Tax evasion, gambling, insider stock trading.
2. They are then stigmatized- A mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
What are some stigmas attached to social deviants?

8. The Social Functions of Deviance
Clarifying Norms
Unifying the Group
Diffusing Tension
Promoting Social Change
Providing Jobs

9. Clarifying Norms
Deviance serves to define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. (what is ok and what is not ok)
People may choose not to commit deviant acts if they are aware of how severe the consequences are
Punishments- Singled out in class, detentions, ISA, OSS.
Tickets/fines, jail, death penalty
Sins- Heaven and Hell

10. Unifies the Group
Deviance serves to draw the line between the conforming members and the “outsiders” of a society.
Emile Durkheim believed that deviance is so important that if it did not already exist in its base form, we (as a society) would have to invent it.
Ex. Us v. Them, Good v. Evil, Righteous v. Sinner, Left v. Right, Americans v. Al Qaeda, etc.
Evil
Good

11. Diffuses Tension
When people are unhappy with their lives, they may want to strike out at society.
Minor actions/acts of disobedience release anger, stress, etc. without total chaos.
Ex. Strikes, protests, speeding, cutting class.

12. Promoting Social Change
Deviance can help prompt social change by identifying problem areas.
How can we change for the better if we can’t/don’t accept that there is a problem? (personally or as a society)
Ex. 1960s riots for desegregation, Vietnam protests.
To get better you need to accept that there is a problem (therapy).

13. Provides Jobs Write down 3 of these Courts Police
Corrections (prison guards, parole officers)
Criminologists
Social workers
Gun companies
Security companies (ADT)

14. Explaining Deviance
The functionalist perspective explains deviance as a natural part of society.
The conflict perspective explains deviance in terms of power and inequality.
The interactionist perspective looks at how interaction among individuals influences behavior.

15. Functionalist Perspective
Strain Theory- Developed by Robert K. Merton, views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
Society judges people on economic success, however, there are some people, due to lack of education or social conditions, will not be able to live up to expectations.
Nevertheless, they are judged on how well they meet these goals of success.

16. Functionalist Perspective
When they have incompatible goals and means, individuals fall victim to anomie- the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.
Anomie leaves people without sufficient guidelines for behavior.

17. Merton’s Structural Strain Theory of Deviance
Mode of Adaptation
Cultural Goals
Cultural Norms
Conformity
Accept
Innovation
Reject
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
Reject and Replace
Deviant Responses

18. Conflict Perspective
Believe that competition and social inequality lead to deviance.
They see social life as a struggle between those who possess power and those who do not.

19. Conflict Perspective Power No Power
Commit deviant acts in order to maintain their position of power
Commit deviant acts;
1. To obtain economic rewards.
2. Because they have low self-esteem and feelings of powerlessness

20. Interactionist Perspective
3 Major explanations of deviance:
Control Theory
Cultural Transmission Theory
Labeling Theory

21. Control Theory Deviance is a natural occurrence.
Interested in why people conform rather than the causes of deviance.
Suggest that individuals who are integrated into the community are likely to conform.
Those who have weak ties to the community are likely to commit deviant acts.

22. Assignment
Page 178 #1-2
Page 186 Practicing the Skill Write at least 5 sentences.

23. Control Theory
You may be asking yourself, how do people form strong social bonds? (write 2)
People form attachments with each other
Strong beliefs in the moral codes of society
Show commitment to traditional societal values and goals (education or job)
Fully involved in nondeviant activities- leaving no time for deviant activities

24. Cultural Transmission Theory
Deviance is a learned behavior.
The interaction is mainly through people who are committing deviant acts (the norms and values are deviant).
Differential Association- If the majority of a person’s interactions are with a deviant, they are likely to become involved in deviance (gangs, organized crime, etc.)

25. Labeling Theory
Focuses on how people become identified as being deviant.
All people commit deviant acts throughout their lives, but not everyone is labeled as deviant.
There are 2 types of deviance;
Primary deviance- Nonconformity that goes unnoticed by those in authority.
Secondary deviance- Results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true.

26. Labeling Theory
The process of labeling an individual as deviant is usually accompanied by a degradation ceremony, which takes place in a public setting (public stoning, trial, etc.)

27. Crime
Crime- Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.
Ex. #1: A person robs a bank- an act that is labeled criminal, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government- has committed a crime.
Ex. #2- A champion swimmer who stands by and watches his friend drown instead of attempting a rescue has not necessarily committed a crime.

28. Arrests by Race (2000)

29. Arrests by Sex and Race (2000)
Characteristic
Percentage Total
Sex
Male
78%
Female
22%
Age
Under 18
18.5%
18-24
28.8%
25-34
23.4%
35-44
19.5%
45-54
7.4%
55 and Over
2.4%

30. Types of Crime
The FBI organizes crimes in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) into 29 offense classifications.
Crimes are grouped into 5 broad categories:
Violent crimes
Crimes against property
Victimless crimes
White-collar crime
Organized crime

31. Murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
Violent Crime
Includes;
Murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
These crimes make up a small portion of reported crimes.
According to the UCR, a violent crime happens every 22 seconds in the U.S.

32. Violent Crime Most victims of violent crime are African Americans
Aggravated Assault- every 35 seconds
Robbery- every 1 minute and 18 seconds
Forcible Rape- every 5 minutes and 48 seconds
Murder- every 33 minutes and 54 seconds
Most victims of violent crime are African Americans
African American males age victimization rate- 8x that of African American women, 8x that of white men, and more than 30x that of white women of the same age range.

33. Guns are used in 65% of all murders (handguns used 51% of the murders)
Violent Crime
Weapons-
Guns are used in 65% of all murders (handguns used 51% of the murders)
Knives are used in 13%
The handgun use in homicides is higher in the U.S. than it is in any other industrialized country in the world.

34. Crime Against Property
Includes-
Burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Much more common than violent crimes.
All property crimes involve stealing someone else’s property or intentionally damaging it.
The FBI estimates that property crime is committed every 3 seconds in the U.S.

35. Crime Against Property
Sociologists generally tie variations in the crime rate to changes in population
Ex. People under 25 commit a large percentage of crime. As the size of that population changes, crime rates change in that same direction.
However, other things can also explain an increase in crime.
Ex. 1980s and 1990s illegal drug use

36. Victimless Crime Includes-
Prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, and vagrancy (homelessness and panhandling).
These offenses are called victimless because they harm no one but the person committing the act.
While this is true, the consequences for society (in the case of drug use) can be significant.

37. White-Collar Crime
white-collar crime describes offenses committed by individuals of high social status in their professional lives (coined by Edwin Sutherland).
Include-
Misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading, and political corruption.

38. White-Collar Crime
Corporations can be charged even though the workers commit the offense under the laws of incorporation.
Estimates suggest that white-collar crimes cost the U.S. more than $300 billion each year.

39. Organized Crime
For some people, crime is an individual effort, but for some criminals they are part of an organized crime syndicate.
A crime syndicate is a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice (drugs, alcohol, etc.) or business through violence or the threat of violence.

40. Organized Crime
Syndicates often use legitimate businesses as “fronts” for their criminal activity.
This allows them to launder their money through legal channels.
Organized crime syndicates use methods such as; drug trafficking, illegal gambling, hijacking, and loan sharking (lending $ at high interest rates).

41. Criminal Justice System
The criminal justice system includes;
Police, courts, and corrections

42. Police
Police discretion: police have considerable power to decide who is actually arrested for a crime (not everyone who commits a crime gets arrested).
Discretion involves the population of the U.S., the number of criminal offenses, and the number of full-time police officers.

43. Police Factors of police discretion
Seriousness of the offense
Wishes of the victim
Attitude of the suspect
Are bystanders present?
Race
Racial profiling: Assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit a crime than white Americans.

44. The role of the courts is a twofold process:
Court determines the guilt or innocence of an accused person by means of a trial
If there is a guilty finding, the court assigns some form of punishment
More than 90% of all criminal cases are settled through plea bargaining before trial.

45. This process allows courts to reduce the volume of their caseloads.
Plea bargaining: The process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a lighter sentence.
This process allows courts to reduce the volume of their caseloads.

46. Corrections
Corrections: the sanctions used when people are found guilty of crimes. They include, imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service.

47. Corrections These sanctions serve 4 basic functions
Retribution- punishment acts as revenge for society.
Deterrence- discourage offenders for future crimes and make society think twice.
Rehabilitation- Prisons’ goals are to reform criminals to return to society
Social protection- freedom is limited to prevent future crimes

48. Corrections
The effectiveness of corrections is a topic of heated debate.
Recidivism- Repeated criminal behavior
According to the U.S. Department of Justice study, 62% of released prisoners will be charged with a new crime and 41% will return to prison within 3 years of release.

49. Juvenile-Justice System
The 3rd largest category of criminals in the U.S. consists of juvenile offenders (younger than 18).
The reasoning behind having separate regulations was that juvenile offenders, could not be expected to be as responsible as adults.

50. Juvenile-Justice System
Juvenile courts try to provide more services for offenders than do adult criminal courts (classes, diversion programs, etc).
In larger cities, tougher juvenile laws are being established.
Ex. Some juveniles (even very young children) can be tried as adults for certain serious offenses (murder)