1. The Holy Roman Empire & the Church

2. The Holy Roman Empire  Otto I took title King of Germany Worked closely with church Worked closely with church His successors took title “Holy Roman Emperor” His successors took title “Holy Roman Emperor” Holy: crowned by the popeHoly: crowned by the pope Roman: heirs to ancient emperors of RomeRoman: heirs to ancient emperors of Rome

3. Conflict between Popes & Emperors  Pope Gregory VII- wanted to make church independent of secular rulers Banned Lay Investiture- Emperor presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office Banned Lay Investiture- Emperor presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office Said only Pope has right to appoint & install bishops Said only Pope has right to appoint & install bishops  Henry IV- Argued bishops held land & he was their overlord Excommunicated Excommunicated

4. Concordat of Worms  Treaty: Church had the sole power to elect bishops with spiritual authority Church had the sole power to elect bishops with spiritual authority Emperor had power to invest the bishops with fiefs (secular authority) Emperor had power to invest the bishops with fiefs (secular authority)

5. The Struggle for Italy  Frederick Barbarossa Fought to bring wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control Fought to bring wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control Did not succeed, but he did arrange a marriage between his son heir to southern Italy Did not succeed, but he did arrange a marriage between his son heir to southern Italy  Frederick II Pursued ambitions on Italy Like his grandfather, tried & failed to control cities in Italy

6. The Height of Church Power  Pope Innocent III- Claimed supremacy over all other rulers  Clashed with all other rulers of his day  Launched a crusade against the French who wanted to purify the church