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Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages:

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1 Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

2 An enigmatic era Medieval crises precipitate the Renaissance
Forces driving this change: War Plague “Infidel” Invasion by Mongols and Ottoman Turks Religions Schism This opens door for… Centralized “New Monarchies” Higher living standards Secular culture Religious Reform

3 Medieval Developments to 1340
Feudalism sets stage for larger-scale government, protection of rights and duty to state Agricultural advancements – population thrives! Expansion and bureaucratization of the Church preserves aspects of Classical learning, provides order, and establishes universities/institutions of advanced learning Crusades allow for contact and exchange with Byzantine and Arab worlds The end result was an advanced civilization that fused Greco-Roman traditions with Christian, Germanic, Arabic and Byzantine elements to surpass other regions in the world at the time

4 Threats to the Medieval World
Mongol invasions of Russia in 1240 Ottoman Turks overtake Constantinople 1453 Papal scandal Church fragmented by Protestantism Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Plague, War, Famine, Death In the end, the forces that challenged the medieval world were secular ones

5 The Black Death: A Recipe for Plague
“Little Ice Age” The Great Famine (1315 – 1317) Inability to sustain growing population with agricultural methods used at the time Upheaval to urban areas

6 The Black Death Most devastating natural disaster in European History
Bubonic Plague Rats and Fleas? Perhaps not! Pneumonic causes? Yersinia pestis Arrived in Europe in 1347 Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years) Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

7 Images of Plague Sexy Buboes Demons be GONE!

8 Spread of the Black Death
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

9 Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague
Whip It! Whip it good! Plague as a punishment from God The flagellants Attacks against Jews - pogroms Violence “Dance of Death”

10 Danse Macabre

11 Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes English Statute of Laborers (1351) : Limit Wages Social Mobility Peasant Revolts Jacquerie in France (1358) English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Revolts in the Cities Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378) Jacquerie, 1358

12 War and Political Instability
The Hundred Years’ War French Attack on English Gascony (1337) Edward III of England claims French Crown Differences in the armies Battle of Crecy (1346) Henry V (1413 – 1422) Battle of Agincourt (1415) Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) Siege of Orleans Captured by allies of the English in 1430 Burned at the Stake (1431) Gunpowder War Ends with French victory (1453)

13 The Hundred Years’ War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

14 Political Instability
Breakdown of Feudal Institutions Attempts at political centralization Scutage: “buy out” of military service New Royal Dynasties Problems of succession Challenge of noble families Financial Problems Parliaments gain power Ongoing war creates need to tax

15 Western Europe: England and France
Edward III (1327 – 1377) and the development of parliament House of Lords House of Commons Wars of the Roses (York vs. Lancaster) France Estates General - Marcel Taxation: gabelle, taille Madness of Charles VI (1380 – 1422) Civil War: Burgundy vs. Orleans Henry IV of England

16 Golden Bull of Charles IV
Germany & Italy The German Monarchy Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire post-Hohenstaufen Hundreds of States Elective Monarchy The Golden Bull (1356) Weak kings The States of Italy Lack of centralized authority Republicanism to Tyranny Outside control Development of regional states Milan Florence Venice Golden Bull of Charles IV

17 The Decline of the Church
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303) Conflict with Philip IV (the Fair) of France Unam Sanctam (1302) Captured by French – is eventually released but then dies Clement V, a French pope! The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1378) “Babylonian Captivity” Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige Captives of the French monarchy New Sources of revenue Catherine of Siena (c – 1380) Hiss Boo Please, Greg! Come home!

18 Palace and Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes

19 Urban VI and Clement VII
The Great Schism I don’t think so… Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 Rival Popes elected Pope Urban VI Pope Clement VII The Great Schism divides Europe Council of Pisa (1409) Deposed both popes and elected a new pope Popes refuse to step down Results in three popes! Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) End of the Schism Condemnation of heretics Jan Hus, John Wyclife Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431) elected I’m da Pope! Urban VI and Clement VII I win.

20 Changes for the Church End of conciliarism Lay Piety and Mysticism
Council of Basel 1449 ends it Paves way for “Renaissance Papacy” Popes behaving badly… Patronage of art/culture Lay Piety and Mysticism Preoccupation with salvation after plague and war Purgatory and indulgences Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Gerhard Groote Female mystics – Catherine, Hildegard, Beguines Nominalism and the challenge to theology and scholasticism Aquinas vs. Occam

21 Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
The Developments of Vernacular Literature Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321) The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321) Geoffrey Chaucer (c – 1400) The Canterbury Tales Christine de Pizan (c – 1400) The Book of the City of Ladies (1404) Boccaccio Decameron Art and the Black Death Giotto (1266 – 1337) Ars Moriendi illustrations

22 Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto: from Byzantine to Renaissance style

23 Change & Invention Changes in Urban Life Medicine
Greater Regulation – PROSTITUTION! (woohoo!) Marriage Gender Roles Men: Active and Domineering Women: Passive and Submissive Medicine Medical schools---Salerno, Montpellier, Bologna, Oxford, Padua, and Paris. Midwives, barber-surgeons Inventions and New Patterns The Mechanical Clock (Di Dondi) New Conception of Time Gunpowder Temperamental, but utilized (James II’s “Lion”) Bell tower in Siena

24 Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall
“One sound rose ceaselessly above the noises of busy life, and lifted all things unto a sphere of order and serenity: the sound of bells“ -John Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages

25 Discussion Questions What impact did the Black Death have on medieval European society? What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the Hundred Years’ War? How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations between the English King and his Parliament? Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal prestige? How was the Great Schism finally ended? How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the values of their respective societies? How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?

26 Web Links ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
The End of Europe’s Middle Ages The Black Death, 1347 – 1350 Medieval Dance of Death De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military History The Age of King Charles V The World of Dante Geoffrey Chaucer

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