1. High and Late Middle Ages 1050-1450
Chapter 8

2. Royal Power Grows
Section 1

3. William the Conqueror Who: King of England
What: conquered England & set out to control the land
Where: England (Normandy, France)
When: ; 1066*
Why: he conquered England to defeat his cousin & became king; change the power of England to the Normans

4. William the Conq (wksht)
King of England- Edward- died w/o an heir
His brother Harold inherited it
But William said it was his
= conquer England to take the throne
= Anglo-Saxons gone- Normans are in charge

5. Common Law Who: Royal courts, Henry II
What: a legal system based on customs & court rulings
Where: England
When: 1154 AD
Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to all of England instead of just local; ppl brought disputes to royal courts instead of church; centralized the law

6. Henry II (workbook) Inherited the throne in England
Claimed rights to rule clergy (church officials) & the royal courts—
He developed common law & a jury system- unifying the legal system under one power
- no longer local law but one central law

7. Jury Who: group of men that spoke the truth, Henry II
What: group of men determined what cases would be brought to trial
Where: England
When: 1154
Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is judged by 12 of his neighbors

8. King John Who: son of Henry II, King of England
What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler
Where: Enlgand
When: 1205
Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity; argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses = Magna Carta (limited his power)

9. King John (workbook) He abused power & overtaxed his nobles
= ppl unhappy
=Magna Carta = limited royal power

10. Magna Carta Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons (nobles)
What: a document that limited the king’s power due to his abuses
Where: England
When: 1215*
Why: this shaped the future of English government-- this said nobles had rights (eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus

11. Due Process of Law Who: King John, townspeople
What: a clause that prpotected freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal actions
WherE: England
When: 1215
Why: formed the basis of the rights we know &have today- we have rights even when being arrested

12. Habeas Corpus Who: citizens, people that are arrested
What: a right that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
Where: England, WE
When: 1215-today
Why: this right was later confirmed in the Petition of Right & is still around today protecting citizens from unjust arrest

13. Parliament
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:

14. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
Section 2

15. Holy Roman Empire Who: Charlemagne; Otto I
What: empire that ruled throughout WE from Germany to Italy
Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy)
When: 1077-
Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ; largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome

16. Henry IV Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor
What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated by Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of Gregory VII
Where: Germany, HRE, WE
When: 1054-
Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)

17. Henry IV (Workbook)
Actions: fought w. Pope Gregory VII about Lay Investiture; later repented but led an army to Rome to kick the Pope out
Effects: he was excommunicated by the Pope but later brought back into church; he signed the Concordat of Worms= took away his power to appoint religious leaders (= Pope more powerful)

18. Gregory VII
Who: Pope
What: Pope that instituted many church reforms such as banning Lay Invest.
Where: Rome, Italy (WE)
When:
Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to be independent from the church (secular)

19. Gregory VII (Workbook)
Actions: caused controversy when he banned Lay Invest. ; excommunicated Henry IV for arguing about it
Effects: he wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers so he banned Lay Invest- making him the most powerful b.c. he now appointed all religious officials

20. Lay Investiture Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay person (not relig) vested a person as a religious official or presented bishops w. rings that symbolized their office
Where: Rome, Italy, (WE)
When:
Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV which led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled

21. Frederick Barbarossa
Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red Beard” , ambitious German ruler
What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his control so he joined w. the Pope to have more control; he wanted to expand his Empire
Where: Germany, Italy
When:
Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to Adriatic Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are more deeply involved in Italian affairs

22. Frederick Barbarossa (workbook)
Actions: he fought to expand his Empire & succeeded in bringing Northern Italy under his power
Effects: b.c. of his expansion Germany was more deeply involved in Italian affairs

23. Pope Innocent III

24. Pope Innocent III (Workbook)