1. Animal Movement
Chapter 30

2. Locomotion Active travel from place to place
Requires energy expenditures to over come 2 forces
Friction
Gravity
Importance depends on the environment

3. Types of Locomotion Swimming Locomotion on land
Gravity not a problem, but friction is
Water supports weight, but is dense and presents resistance
Legs as oars, jet-propelled, and undulating side to side or up and down
Streamlined body shapes aids increased speed
Locomotion on land
Need to be able to support self and overcome gravity
Air presents little resistance, but also little support
Energy expenditure to propel forward and keep from falling down
Muscles and skeleton more important that streamline shape

4. Types of Locomotion (cont.)
Hopping
Tendons in legs store energy when landing, like a spring for the next jump
Cost free energy boost
Rest with tail and hind feet on ground
Costs little energy to maintain
Walking and running
Overcome friction between foot and ground
Walking: 4 legged – 3 on ground all times; 2 legged – part of 1 at all times
Running: 4 legged – 2 -3 feet move at once if not all
Momentum stabilizes body position

5. Types of Locomotion (cont.)
Crawling
Friction adds considerable resistance because of increased contact
Undulate body side to side, inch forward, or peristalsis
Flying
Wings developed to completely overcome gravity
Shape must alter air current to create lift
Air pressure underneath is greater
All based on mircotubule or microfilament systems. Animals in motion
Leading edge thicker, lagging edge thinner; top convex, bottom concave or flat

6. Skeletons
3 main types
Hydrostatic skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons
Necessary for support, protection, and maintaining form

7. Hydrostatic Skeleton
Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
Cushions body parts from shock, gives shape, and support for muscle action
Earthworms have coelum
Cnidarians exert pressure on gastrovascular cavity
Can’t support terrestrial locomotion which requires the body to be held off ground

8. Exoskeletons Rigid external skeleton Arthropods are protein and chitin
Thinner at joints to allow movement
Nonliving, so can’t grow must be shed
Animal is susceptible to predation and weak until new exoskeleton hardens
Molluscs shells of calcium carbonate
Mantle secretes shell
Grows by enlarging diameter

9. Endoskeleton
Hard or leathery supporting elements among the soft tissues
Sponges with tough protein fibers
Echinoderms have under their skin
Vertebrates of cartilage or cartilage and bone

10. The Evolved Skeleton All vertebrates have an axial skeleton
Supports axis or trunk of the body
Skull, vertebrae, and rib cage
Vertebrae all similar in structure
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral, and coccygeal
Most have appendicular skeleton
Bones of appendages and anchoring appendages
Pelvic and pectoral girdle with supporting limbs
Modified versions of same bones in all vertebrates, but specialized for locomotion

11. Bones Organs composed of moist, living tissues
Pink=fibrous connetctive, forms new bone after fractures
Blue=cartilage, forms cushion- like surface for joints
Inside are osteocytes that secrete bone matrix
Yellow bone marrow is stored fat from blood to bone
Red bone marrow produces RBC’s

12. Creating Movement Tendons connect muscles to bones
Muscle action shortens or contracts muscles
The agonist moves the muscle while the antagonist reverses the movement
Antagonistic pairs of muscles are found in all animals

13. Dissecting Muscles
Muscles consist of bundles of muscle fibers (cells), oriented parallel to each other
Cells are bundles of myofibrils, which are composed of the contractile proteins actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
Proteins form a striped banding pattern that characterizes skeletal muscles
Contractile unit of skeletal muscle is the sarcomere

14. Contracting Filament Model
Sarcomere contracts when thin filaments slide over thick
Sarcomere shortens, but length of filaments don’t change
Heads of myosin (thick) filaments bind ATP so they can bind to actin (thin) filaments
Head produces power stroke which moves the actin toward the center of the sarcomere when ADP is released

15. Muscle Fiber Types Slow fibers better designed for endurance
activities
Weight lifting stimulates muscle fibers to
produce additional myofibrils
Each muscle has a mix of the above types