1. September 9-10, 2014

2. Most abundant tissue type! Functions: Protection Support Binding together

3. All connective tissues are made up of cells and extracellular matrix. All connective tissues are made up of cells and extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is secreted by the cells. The extracellular matrix is secreted by the cells. The extracellular matrix is composed of The extracellular matrix is composed of Ground substance (water, adhesion proteins (‘glue’), polysaccharide molecules). The ground substance can be fluid or firm depending on how many polysaccharides there are. Ground substance (water, adhesion proteins (‘glue’), polysaccharide molecules). The ground substance can be fluid or firm depending on how many polysaccharides there are. Fibers – the types and amounts vary. Fibers – the types and amounts vary. Collagen – strongest Collagen – strongest Elastic – stretchable Elastic – stretchable Reticular – netlike & supportive Reticular – netlike & supportive

4. Turn and talk … How does the extracellular matrix help connective tissue due its jobs? … 2 min

5. Bone (osseous tissue) Hardest connective tissue Hardest connective tissue Osteocytes (bone cells) found in lacunae Osteocytes (bone cells) found in lacunae Functions: support, protection, movement Functions: support, protection, movement Contain collagen fibers Contain collagen fibers calcium salts calcium salts

6. Cartilage Softer & more flexible than bone Softer & more flexible than bone Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) found in lacunae Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) found in lacunae 3 types of cartilage, each 3 types of cartilage, each containing different containing different proportions of the 3 fibers proportions of the 3 fibers Hyalin: ends of bones Hyalin: ends of bones Fibrocartilage: vertebrae Fibrocartilage: vertebrae Elastic: external ear Elastic: external ear

7. Forms tendons, ligaments, and layer beneath skin Forms tendons, ligaments, and layer beneath skin Fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) between collagen fibers Fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) between collagen fibers Where have you seen this before?

8. Forms tendons, ligaments, and layer beneath skin Forms tendons, ligaments, and layer beneath skin Fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) between collagen fibers Fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) between collagen fibers Beneath stratified squamous! Dense irregular – dermis (below skin) submucosa of digestive tract Dense regular – tendons, ligaments I won’t ask you to identify this type on the practical

9. Areolar Tissue (areola = small open space) Most common connective tissue! Most common connective tissue! Cushions, packages, and holds organs in place Cushions, packages, and holds organs in place Consists of fibers and cells (fibroblasts and immune cells) scattered loosely in a fluid containing water, nutrients, salts and waste Consists of fibers and cells (fibroblasts and immune cells) scattered loosely in a fluid containing water, nutrients, salts and waste This is one of the tissues that swells most when damaged. Swelling = edema

10. Adipose Tissue (fat!) Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Each cell filled with oil Each cell filled with oil Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs What do you call stored nutrients (like fat) within a cell?

11. Adipose Tissue (fat!) Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Each cell filled with oil Each cell filled with oil Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs What do you call stored nutrients (like fat) within a cell? inclusions

12. Adipose Tissue (fat!) Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Each cell filled with oil Each cell filled with oil Funcitons: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Funcitons: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Just for fun … What is a healthy % body fat?

13. Adipose Tissue (fat!) Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Each cell filled with oil Each cell filled with oil Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Just for fun … What is a healthy % body fat? Adult women: 21%-33% Adult men: 8% - 19%

14. Adipose Tissue (fat!) Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Each cell filled with oil Each cell filled with oil Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs What happens to your fat cells when you lose weight?

15. Adipose Tissue (fat!) Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Very little matrix, mostly adipocytes Each cell filled with oil Each cell filled with oil Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs Functions: fuel reserve, insulation, cushion organs What happens to your fat cells when you lose weight? They shrink, but never go away. This is one reason why it is so easy to regain weight that you have lost.

16. Consists of cells within a matrix – plasma. Consists of cells within a matrix – plasma. Like other connective tissues, blood does have fibers, but these are only involved in clotting. Like other connective tissues, blood does have fibers, but these are only involved in clotting. Function: transport nutrients, waste, heat throughout the body Function: transport nutrients, waste, heat throughout the body We will cover in much more detail later!

17. 1) What characteristics do all connective tissues have, and how does this help them do their functions? 2) Notice any patterns in the naming of cells? 3) Rank the connective tissues in terms of rigidity. Work with a partner. 5 min. Be prepared to share with class.

18. Function: Contraction for movement Special Features: 1. Possess myofilaments (actin & myosin) which slide past each other to contract the cell 2. Well vascularized (many blood vessels) to supply energy and oxygen

19. Skeletal muscle Voluntary muscles of the body Skeletal b/c attached to bones (mostly) Long, cylindrical, striated (banded) cells with multiple nuclei Skeletal muscle cells are called muscle fibers

20. Skeletal muscle Voluntary muscles of the body Skeletal b/c attached to bones (mostly) Long, cylindrical, striated (banded) cells with multiple nuclei Skeletal muscle cells are called muscle fibers Structure & Function – Long, parallel cells – allow contraction in one direction to pull a bone.

21. Cardiac muscle Found in heart Striated, but branching (have to squeeze) intercalated discs Contain intercalated discs – allow for rapid spread of electrical impulse for coordinated contraction

22. Smooth muscle Found in walls of hollow organs (digestive, bladder, uterus, blood vessels) Slowly squeezes and relaxes (in all directions) to propel substances through Motion called peristalsis

23. Smooth muscle Found in walls of hollow organs (digestive, bladder, uterus, blood vessels) Slowly squeezes and relaxes (in all directions) to propel substances through Motion called peristalsis Structure & Function – notice that it is less organized than the others – because squeezing occurs in all directions

24. Function: to convey electrochemical impulses from one structure to another Consists of neurons and support cells (that insulate, support and protect neurons) Neurons have long processes to carry impulse to distant areas.

25. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Dense connective 2. Areolar 3. Smooth muscle 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose

26. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Dense connective 2. Areolar 3. Smooth muscle 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose

27. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Dense connective 2. Areolar 3. Smooth muscle 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose

28. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Dense connective 2. Areolar 3. Smooth muscle 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose Dense connective has much less nuclei (much less cells / more fibers) than smooth muscle

29. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Blood 2. Bone 3. Nervous 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose

30. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Blood 2. Bone 3. Nervous 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose Matrix is smooth & so dense you can’t see fibers. Chondrocytes in lacunae.

31. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Blood 2. Bone 3. Nervous 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose

32. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Blood 2. Bone 3. Nervous 4. Cartilage 5. Adipose Looks like empty circles – actually cells filled with fat

33. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Smooth muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Skeletal muscle 4. Nervous 5. Bone

34. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Smooth muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Skeletal muscle 4. Nervous 5. Bone Long, branching cells and intercalated discs

35. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Smooth muscle 2. Nervous 3. Skeletal muscle 4. Blood 5. Bone

36. Show the correct answer with your fingers 1. Smooth muscle 2. Nervous 3. Skeletal muscle 4. Blood 5. Bone Notice the long processes and supporting cells.

37. Examine the following slides. Compare to the pictures in your notes – make sure you see the correct structures! Nervous tissue Bone Hyaline cartilage Dense connective (under stratified squamous) Work on Review Sheets – due next class Test next class!! Practical Wed!! Presentations Friday!!