1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEMS RECEIVE SENSORY INPUT, INTEPRET IT, AND SENT OUT APPROPRIATE COMMANDS
NERVOUS SYSTEMS
MOST INTRICATELY ORGANIZED DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM ON EARTH
NEURON
FUNCTIONAL UNIT; SPECIALIZED NERVE CELL FOR CARRYING SIGNALS FROM ONE LOCATION IN THE BODY TO ANOTHER

3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEMS RECEIVE SENSORY INPUT, INTEPRET IT, AND SENT OUT APPROPRIATE COMMANDS
NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 3 INTERCONNECTED FUNCTIONS

4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEMS RECEIVE SENSORY INPUT, INTEPRET IT, AND SENT OUT APPROPRIATE COMMANDS
NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 3 INTERCONNECTED FUNCTIONS
SENSORY INPUT  CONDUCTION OF SIGNALS FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS TO INTEGRATION CENTERS
INTEGRATION  INTERPRETATION OF THE SENSORY SIGNALS AND THE FORMULATION OF RESPONSES
MOTOR OUTPUT  THE CONDUCCTION OF SIGNALS FROM THE INTEGRATION CENTERS TO EFFECTORS
MUSCLES OR GLANDS THAT PERFORM BODY FUNCTIONS

5. NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEMS HAVE TWO MAIN DIVISIONS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
WHERE MOST INTEGRATION OCCURS; CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD (IN VERTEBRATES)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
MADE UP OF COMMUNICATION LINES CALLED NERVES THAT CARRY SIGNALS IN AND OUT OF THE CNS
NERVE
A CABLE-LIKE BUNDLE OF NEURON EXTENSIONS TIGHTLY WRAPPED IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
GANGLIA
CLUSTERS OF NEURON CELL BODIES IN THE NERVES

6. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THREE FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF NEURONS

7. NERVOUS SYSTEM THREE FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF NEURONS SENSORY NEURONS
INTERNEURONS
MOTOR NEURONS

8. NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS
STRUCTURE OF A NEURON

9. NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
CELL BODY  HOUSES THE NUCLEUS AND OTHER ORGANELLES
DENDRITES  SHORT, MANY BRANCHES; RECEIVE INCOMING MESSAGES AND DIRECT THEM TOWARD CELL BODY
AXON  USUALLY A SINGLE FIBER; CONDUCTS SIGNAL TOWARDS ANOTHER NEURON OR EFFECTOR

10. NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
SUPPORTING CELLS  PROTECT, INSULATE, AND REINFORCE THE NEURONS
SHCHWANN CELLS
MYELIN SHEATH
NODES OF RANVIER
INCREASE SPEED AT WHICH SIGNAL TRAVELS

11. NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF A NEURON SYNAPTIC KNOB (TERMINAL BRANCH)
ENDS THE NEURON; RELAYS SIGNALS TO ANOTHER NEURON OR EFFECTOR
SYNAPSE
THE JUNCTION, OR RELAY POINT, BETWEEN TWO NEURONS OR BETWEEN A NEURON AND AN EFFECTOR CELL

12. NERVOUS SYSTEM
A NEURON MAINTAINS A MEMBRANE POTENTIAL ACROSS ITS MEMBRANE
RESTING POTENTIAL
THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE PLASMA OF A RESTING NEURON
SODIUM-POTASSIUM (NA+ / K+) PUMPS
ACTIVELY TRANSPORT NA+ OUT OF THE CELL AND K+ IN

13. NERVOUS SYSTEM
A NERVE SIGNAL BEGINS AS A CHANGE IN THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

14. NERVOUS SYSTEM
A NERVE SIGNAL BEGINS AS A CHANGE IN THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
STIMULUS
ANY FACTOR THAT CAUSES A NERVE SIGNAL TO BE GENERATED
ACTION POTENTIAL
THE TECHNICAL NAME FOR THE NERVE SIGNAL
THRESHOLD POTENTIAL
THE MINIMUM CHANGE THAT MUST OCCUR TO GENERATE AN ACTION POTENTIAL
**CYCLIC PROCESS**

15. NERVOUS SYSTEM THE ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATES ITSELF ALONG THE NEURON
ALL-OR-NONE EVENTS
DIFFERENT INTENSITIES RESULT FROM FREQUENCY OF POTENTIALS

16. NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS COMMUNICATE AT SYNAPSES SYNAPSE
THE JUNCTION, OR RELAY POINT, BETWEEN TWO NEURONS OR BETWEEN A NEURON AND AN EFFECTOR CELL
SYNAPSES CAN BE EITHER ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES TRANSFER SIGNALS FASTER

17. NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS COMMUNICATE AT SYNAPSES SYNAPSE
THE JUNCTION, OR RELAY POINT, BETWEEN TWO NEURONS OR BETWEEN A NEURON AND AN EFFECTOR CELL
SYNAPSES CAN BE EITHER ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL SYNAPSES HAVE A NARROW GAP CALLED A SYNAPTIC CLEFT

18. NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS COMMUNICATE AT SYNAPSES SYNAPSE
THE JUNCTION, OR RELAY POINT, BETWEEN TWO NEURONS OR BETWEEN A NEURON AND AN EFFECTOR CELL
SYNAPSES CAN BE EITHER ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
SEPARATES SYNAPTIC KNOBS FROM RECEIVING NEURON

19. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHEMICAL SYNAPSES MAKE COMPLEX INFORMATION PROCESSING POSSIBLE
MULTIPLE SIGNALS CAN BE SENT TO THE SAME RECEIVING NEURON
NEUROTRANSMITTER
CHEMICAL SIGNAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM EQUIVALENT TO A HORMONE

20. NERVOUS SYSTEM
A VARIETY OF SMALL MOLECULES FUNCTION AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS
ACETYLCHOLINE
IMPORTANT IN THE BRAIN; MAY BE EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY
BIOGENIC AMINES
NITROGEN CONTAINING NEUROTRANSMITTERS DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS
EXAMPLES INCLUDE EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE, SEROTONIC, DOPAMINE
ENDORPHINS ARE PEPTIDES THAT DECREASE PAIN PERCEPTION
DISSOLEVD GASES LIKE NO (NITROUS OXIDE) ACT AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

21. NERVOUS SYSTEM MANY DRUGS ACT AT CHEMICAL SYNAPSES
EFFECT US BY ACTING AT SYNAPSES OR CHANGING THE NEUROTRANSMITTER

22. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION USUALLY CORRELATES WITH BODY SYMMETRY

23. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION USUALLY CORRELATES WITH BODY SYMMETRY
NERVE NET
WEB-LIKE SYSTEM OF NEURONS EXTENDING THROUGHOUT THE BODY
CEPHALIZATION
CONCENTRATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AT HEAD END
CENTRALIZATION
THE PRESENCE OF A CNS DISTINCT FROM A PNS

24. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED

25. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
CNS IS MADE UP OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
LIES INSIDE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, OR SPINE, RECEIVES SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE SKIN AND MUSCLES AND INTEGRATES SIMPLE RESPONSES TO CERTAIN KINDS OF STIMULI

26. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
CNS IS MADE UP OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
BRAIN
MASTER CONTROL CENTER; INCLUDES HOMEOSTATIC CENTERS THAT KEEP THE BODY FUNCTIONING SMOOTHLY; SENSORY CENTERS THAT INTEGRATE DATA FROM THE SENSE ORGANS; IN HUMANS, CENTERS OF EMOTIONS AND INTELLIGENCE; ALSO SEND OUT MOTOR COMMANDS TO MUSCLES

27. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
CNS IS MADE UP OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
MAINTAINS A STABLE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE BRAIN; ONLY ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN PASS FREELY INTO THE BRAIN

28. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
CNS IS MADE UP OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
VENTRICLES AND CENTRAL CANAL
FLUID-FILLED SPACES IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, RESPECTIVELY
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
FLUID THAT CUSHIONS THE CNS AND HELPS SUPPLY IT WITH NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS
MENINGES
LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ALSO SUPPLY CUSHION

29. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
CNS HAS 2 DISTINCT AREAS

30. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
CNS HAS 2 DISTINCT AREAS
WHITE MATTER
MAINLY AXONS
WITH WHITISH MYELIN SHEATH
GRAY MATTER
MAINLY NERVE BODIES AND DENDRITES; IN MAMMALS IT IS THE AREA OF HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTION

31. NERVOUS SYSTEM
VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND CEPHALIZED
PNS HAS
CRANIAL NERVES
CARRY SIGNALS TO OR FROM THE BRAIN
SPINAL NERVES
CARRY SIGNALS TO OR FROM THE SPINAL CORD

32. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES IS A FUNCTIONAL HIERARCHY

33. NERVOUS SYSTEM
OPPOSING ACTIONS OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS REGULATE THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 2 DIVISIONS

34. NERVOUS SYSTEM
OPPOSING ACTIONS OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS REGULATE THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 2 DIVISIONS
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
PRIMES THE BODY FOR DIGESTING FOOD AND RESTING
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
PREPARES THE BODY FOR INTENSE, ENERGY-CONSUMING ACTIVITIES, SUCH AS FIGHTING, FLEEING, OR COMPETING IN A STRENUOUS GAME

35. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN DEVELOPS FROM THREE ANTERIOR BULGES OF THE NEURAL TUBE

36. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN DEVELOPS FROM THREE ANTERIOR BULGES OF THE NEURAL TUBE
3 ANCESTRAL REGIONS
FOREBRAIN  LEADS TO CEREBUM (DOMINANT PART OF FOREBRAIN)
MIDBRAIN
HINDBRAIN

37. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE STRUCTURE OF A LIVING SUPERCOMPUTER: THE HUMAN BRAIN

38. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE STRUCTURE OF A LIVING SUPERCOMPUTER: THE HUMAN BRAIN
MAJOR STRUCTURES
CEREBRUM
CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
CORPUS COLLOSUM

39. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX IS A MOSAIC OF SPECIALIZED, INTERACTIVE REGIONS
CEREBRAL CORTEX
ACCOUNTS FOR 80% OF BRAINS TOTAL MASS; INVOLVED IN REASONING AND MATHEMATICAL ABILITIES, LANGUAGE SKILLS, IMAGINATION, ARTISTIC TALENT, AND PERSONALITY TRAITS

40. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX IS A MOSAIC OF SPECIALIZED, INTERACTIVE REGIONS
LATERALIZATION
AREAS IN THE TWO HEMISPHERES BECOME SPECIALIZED FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

41. NERVOUS SYSTEM
INJURIES AND BRAIN OPERATIONS HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO BRAIN FUNCTION
“BROKEN BRAINS” HAVE GIVEN INSIGHT INTO NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION
LACK OF NERVES ON THE BRAIN ALLOW NEUROSURGEONS TO OPERATE AND DISCERN SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF BRAIN FUNCTION

42. NERVOUS SYSTEM SEVERAL PARTS OF THE BRAIN REGULATE SLEEP AND AROUSAL
RETICULAR FORMATION
SYSTEM OF NEURONS THAT EXTENDS THROUGH THE CORE OF THE BRAINSTEM; RECEIVES DATA FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS, FILTERS AND SENDS USEFUL DATA TO CEREBRAL CORTEX

43. NERVOUS SYSTEM SEVERAL PARTS OF THE BRAIN REGULATE SLEEP AND AROUSAL
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
MEASURES BRAIN WAVE ACTIVITY
REM SLEEP
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT
UNIQUE BRAIN-WAVE PATTERN DURING DEEP SLEEP; TIME WHEN DREAMS OCCUR

44. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM IS INVOLVED IN EMOTIONS, MEMORY, AND LEARNING
LIMBIC SYSTEM
INCLUDES PARTS OF THALMAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS, PORTIONS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX; AMYGDALA AND HIPPOCAMPUS PLAY KEY ROLES IN MEMORY, LEARNING, AND EMOTION

45. NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM IS INVOLVED IN EMOTIONS, MEMORY, AND LEARNING
LIMBIC SYSTEM
AMYGDALA
CENTRAL IN RECOGNIZING THE EMOTIONAL CONTENT OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND LAYING DOWN EMOTIONAL MEMORIES
HIPPOCAMPUS
INVOLVED IN FORMATION OF MEMORIES AND THEIR RECALL

46. NERVOUS SYSTEM
WE NEED TO SPRINKLE IN A FEW MORE PIECES OF INFO ON THE HUMAN BODY
SENSES
MUSCLES