1. UNIT 1 – UNDERSTANDING LIFE ON EARTH

2. What qualifies something as living?
Organisms are made up of cells
Organisms reproduce sexually or asexually and some can do both
Organisms will have a genetic code, DNA
Organisms will grow and develop
Organisms will obtain and use energy
Organisms will respond to their environment
Organisms will strive to maintain homeostasis
Organisms will change over time

3. Discussion What kinds of cells?
What is an example of asexual reproduction?
What is an example of sexual reproduction?
If all organisms have DNA is that DNA identical?
What is the difference between grow and develop?
What are 2 ways organisms obtain energy?
What does homeostasis mean?
What if living things do not adapt to changes in their environment?

4. Answers: Prokaryote-bacteria Eukaryote-plant , animals
Mitosis is asexual reproduction
Meiosis is sexual reproduction
No the DNA is not identical, except in identical offspring. There are similarities but variation in the species
Growth is to add more cells, Develop is to mature into and adult
Organisms can obtain energy by being either an autotroph or heterotroph
Homeostasis means same-state. Organisms need to maintain a stable internal environment in the body
If an organisms does not adapt to changes in the environment then they must change the environment or die

5. Evolution Can be sudden or gradual
Sudden changes that interrupt the gradual progress is called Punctuated Equilibrium.
Explanation:

6. Levels Life is organized
Atoms
Molecules
Cells *life begins here
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

7. INTRO TO BIOCHEMISTRY

8. What elements from the periodic table support all life on Earth?
Answer:
CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
PHOSPHORUS

9. Periodic Table of Elements
Highlight the following element on your Periodic Table. The table should be glued in on the Left.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Sulfur

10. Carbon-based Molecules:
Organic chemistry: study of carbon compounds
Carbon has 4 electrons in an outer energy level that holds eight; Can form 4 covalent bonds with many other elements

11. Shape of Organic Molecules:
shape=function
The shape determines its function in an organism

12. Giant Molecules – Polymers:
Large molecules are called polymers
Monomers link together to form larger molecules called polymers
Biologists call polymers macromolecules or biomolecules

13. Cells link monomers by removing a molecule of water
Linking Monomers:
Cells link monomers by removing a molecule of water
this process is called dehydration synthesis.
Remove H
H2O Forms
Remove OH

14. Breaking Down Polymers:
Cells break down macromolecules by adding a molecule of water
this process is called hydrolysis

15. Macromolecules in Organisms:
There are four macromolecules:
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Lipids (CHO)
Proteins (CHON)
Nucleic Acids (CHONP)

16. carbohydrates

17. Monosaccharides:
Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates; also called simple sugars
Examples: glucose, fructose, & galactose
Chemical Formula for monosaccharides is C6H12O6; this a ratio of 1:2:1
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work; they are a source of quick energy
Disaccharides (2 Sugars bonded); example – sucrose (table sugar)

18. Polysaccharides:
Large sugar molecules; take longer for body to break down
Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plant cells
Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animal cells
Starch and glycogen are extra amounts of sugar taken in by the cell and stored for later use
Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls; most abundant organic compound on earth

19. lipids

20. Lipids:
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”; they do not mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids and oils
Functions –
store energy
Insulate body
Cushion and protect organs
Form cell membranes

21. Structure of Lipids: Triglyceride - Monomer of lipids
Composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains
Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the triglyceride
Triglycerides are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen; oxygen is found only in the glycerol molecule

22. Lipids in Organisms:
Most animal lipids exist as solids at room temperature (butter, lard, fat layer on steak/chicken, waxes)
Most plant lipids tend to exist as liquids at room temperature (peanut, sunflower, canola oils)

23. Lipids & Cell Membranes:
Cell membranes are made of phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head that is polar; it attracts water (hydrophilic)
Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

24. Steroids:
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Estrogen and testosterone are examples of these other steroids

25. proteins

26. Proteins:
Proteins are large, folded polymers made of monomers called amino acids
Elements in proteins: C, H, O and N
Functions:
Build cells
Act as hormones
Act as enzymes
Cellular transport

27. Linking Amino Acids:
This process is done by the ribosomes in the cell by removing a water molecule from the amino acids
The process is called a condensation or dehydration reaction; forms peptide bonds

28. Enzymes are proteins What do enzymes do?
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes are also referred to as biological catalysts
enzymes work by weakening bonds and lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
Enzymes act on a substrate; they are specific to substrate

29. Enzyme + Substrate = Product:

30. Nucleic acids

31. Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Elements in nucleic acids: C, H, O, N and P
Types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

32. Nucleic acids are polymers; Nucleotides are the monomers
Nucleotides are composed of:
5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogeneous base

33. Nitrogeneous Bases:
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Each RNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Uracil (u)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)

34. Shape of dna and rna: One strand of RNA forms a single helix
Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix

35. ATP ATP is the energy currency of cells
Made of a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups