1. Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

2. 1. Cerebrum Surface lobes of the cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Figure 7.13a

3. 1. Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c

4. 2. Cerebrum
Figure 7.13a

5. 3. Brain Stem Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

6. 4. Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
A gyri is an elevated ridge of cerebral tissue.
Inward folds of cerebral tissue are
called fissures or sulci.

7. White matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray matter
Layers of the cerebrum
Gray matter—outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
White matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray matter
Corpus callosum connects hemispheres
Basal nuclei—islands of gray matter buried within the white matter
Gray matter is composed of cell bodies
of neurons.
White matter is composed of fiber tracts .
Nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter are collectively called basal nuclei (ganglia).

8. 4. TERMS
A bundle or fibers that provides for communication between different parts of the CNS is called a process. Like corpus callosum
A bundle of fibers that carries impulses between the periphery and CNS areas is called a nerve.

9. 5. Diencephalon
Intermediate mass
Figure 7.16

10. 6. Brain Structures
Medulla oblongata- most important autonomic center of the brain & contains autonomic centers regulating heart rate, respiration, and other visceral activities.
Corpora quadrigemina- located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vison and hearing.
Cerebellum- coordinates complex muscular movements.
Corpus callosum- large fiber tract connecting cerebral hemispheres.
Pituitary gland & pineal body- part of the endocrine system
Cerebral aqueduct- canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles
Thalamus- contains the intermediate mass

11. Protection of the Central Nervous System
Scalp and skin
Skull and vertebral column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Blood-brain barrier

12. Trauma to base of brain
Base of brain houses the brain stem, which houses most of the vital autonomic centers. Controls  heart rate, respiration, blood pressure.

13. Protection of the Central Nervous System
Figure 7.17a

14. 8. Meninges
Dura mater-outermost layer; tough fibrous connective tissue,
falx cerebri, a subdivision of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
A dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull
Arachnoid layer
Middle layer
Web-like; delicate with cottony fibers
Pia mater-innermost vascular layer covering the brain; follows every convolution
Clings to the surface of the brain

15. Meninges
Figure 7.17b

16. 8. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Similar to blood plasma composition
choroid plexus- structure that forms the cerebrospinal fluid
Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
Arachnoid villi drains cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood in the dural venous sinuses

17. 10. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Choroid plexus
Figure 7.18a–b

18. 10. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
7. Dural sinuses
1. Lateral ventricles 6. 5. 2. 3. 4.
Lateral ventricle third ventricle  cerebral aqueduct of midbrain  fourth ventricle
- central canal  subarachnoid space  arachnoid villi  dural sinuses
Figure 7.18c

19. Blood-Brain Barrier
Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
Excludes many potentially harmful substances
Useless as a barrier against some substances
Fats and fat soluble molecules
Respiratory gases
Alcohol
Nicotine
Anesthesia

20. Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion
Slight brain injury
No permanent brain damage
Contusion
Nervous tissue destruction occurs
Nervous tissue does not regenerate
Cerebral edema
Swelling from the inflammatory response
May compress and kill brain tissue

21. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Commonly called a stroke
The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies
Loss of some functions or death may result

22. Alzheimer’s Disease Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death

23. Cranial Nerves

24. PNS: Cranial Nerves I Olfactory nerve—sensory for smell
II Optic nerve—sensory for vision
III Oculomotor nerve—motor fibers to eye muscles
IV Trochlear—motor fiber to eye muscles

25. PNS: Cranial Nerves
V Trigeminal nerve—sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles
VI Abducens nerve—motor fibers to eye muscles
VII Facial nerve—sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face
VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve—sensory for balance and hearing

26. PNS: Cranial Nerves
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve—sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx
X Vagus nerves—sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera
XI Accessory nerve—motor fibers to neck and upper back
XII Hypoglossal nerve—motor fibers to tongue

27. PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (1 of 4)

28. PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (2 of 4)

29. PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (3 of 4)

30. PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (4 of 4)