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Published byAlexandro Ginyard Modified over 10 years ago
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At the center of everything… but separated by layers of membranes
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It’s all about connections… Brain spinal cord via foramen magnum Spinal cord runs through vertebral canal, formed by vertebral foramina
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Meninges mater (umm… matter) Dura mater – “durable” tough, dense; protection from impact, friction Arachnoid mater – cushion from impact Subarachnoid space – CSF runs here Pia mater – in the “pits” direct contact Carries blood vessels Forms nerve sheaths Helps form CSF
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More on the pia mater Associated with choroid plexus Secretes CSF Combination of blood vessels & neuroglia ○ Remember which kind? Ependymal cells
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It’s not all black and white… but it is gray! Gray matter = unmyelinated neuron cell bodies Accumulate lipofuscin Found primarily in cortex (surface of brain) ○ Highly folded/ridged = gyri Increase surface area Small pockets of gray found in interior White matter = myelinated axons, neuroglia Found in brain’s interior In spinal cord, colors are reversed… outside white, inside gray
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Concept check! 1. Describe the three layers of the meninges 2. What is the function of the choroid plexus? 3. Describe the locations of gray and white matter in the CNS Why are they those colors?
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Three-Pound Marvel: The Brain Billions of neurons, neuroglia Most multipolar (1 axon, many dendrites) Receive many signals, process them Tracts of axons Information conduit other regions of brain, body
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Largest, most anterior portion Emotions Memory Motor movement Thought Contain basal nuclei, cerebral cortex
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4 pockets of gray matter – relay motor information to spinal cord Permit coordinated, steady body movements
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Convoluted gray matter covering brain Large surface area (18 sq ft.)
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Cerebral cortex nourished by vessels in arachnoid layer “Barrier” exists between bloodstream and CSF… Which neuroglia create this? Astrocytes! Prevents harmful substances from entering brain (also medications)
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Halves of cerebrum divided by longitudinal cerebral fissure Some division of labor… But you use both halves!
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Corpus callosum connects left and right hemispheres Contributes to plasticity of brain
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Central sulcus Lateral sulcus
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Areas of specialization
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Hypothalamus, thalamus, ventricles
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Sensation, spatial sense, motor signals to cortex Surrounds 3 rd ventricle
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Link nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland
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4 connected cavities in the forebrain that contain CSF Associated w/ choroid plexus, continue into spinal cord Protect brain from trauma Internal cushion Swelling: hydrocephaly
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Midbrain Strip of neurons, connects cerebrum to hindbrain. Smallest region of the brain Relay station for audio and visual info Eye movement Substantia nigra: dopamine neurons
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Hindbrain
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Pons Attached to midbrain Organize & transmit sensory info from the body
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Medulla oblongata Reg’s involuntary body functions BP Breathing Heart rate Swallowing
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Cerebellum Posterior to pons Means “little cerebrum” In appearance only Balance Posture Coordination of body movement
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Spinal Cord Where does it start from? (picture) Paper towel roll Blanket Model of spine
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White matter 15 pairs nerve tracts Ascending tracts ○ Dorsal ○ Sensory to the brain Descending tracts ○ Lateral & ventral ○ Motor info to effectors Extrapyramidal tracts ○ Info from medulla oblongata posture & muscle tone
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Gray matter Made of nerve cell bodies reflexes Transfer info to white matter Dorsal horn sensory Ventral horn Motor White matter muscles Intermediate gray matter b/t “wings” Sensory/motor for glands/muscles
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Spinal nerves 31 pairs spinal nerves Part of PNS Reflex arcs for respective body regions
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