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Chapter 5 Sections 1 and 2
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Important Terminology Epi- : Inter- : Os- : Pseud- : Squam- : Strat- : Chondro : -cyte : Simple:
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Epi- : “above; covering” Inter- : “between” Os- : “bone tissue” Pseud- : “false” Squam- : “flattened” Strat- : “layered” Chondro : “cartilage” -cyte : “cell” Simple : one-layer Important Terminology
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Section 1 Introduction to Tissues Tissues- a group of similar cells that perform specific functions Between cells: nonliving extracellular material Four basic types of tissue: Tissue TypeTissue Function Epithelial TissueCovering Connective TissueSupport Muscle TissueMovement Nervous TissueControl
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Section 2 Epithelial Tissue Covers all free body surfaces Anchored to connective tissue Functions in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion Classified by SHAPE and NUMBER of layers
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3 “layers” of Epithelium Simple—One layer Pseudostratified—appears to be more than one layer Stratified—two or more layers of cells
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Pseudostratified
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3 “shapes” of Epithelia 1.Squamous – thin and flattened 2.Cuboidal – cube-shaped 3.Columnar – tall and “column-shaped”
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Squamous cells look a lot like a fried egg
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Cuboidal cells are shaped like ice cubes
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Columnar Cells look like columns
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Simple squamous epithelium – Helps gas exchange – Lines blood and lymph vessels – Found in alveoli of lungs Simple cuboidal epithelium – Used for secretion and absorption in kidneys and other glands Simple columnar epithelium – Lines uterus and digestive tracts – Helps to secrete mucous – Absorbs nutrients
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Pseudostratified columnar – Lines respiratory passages – Protects and clears airways – Moves mucus Stratified squamous – Protection – Outer layer of skin; epidermis
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Honor’s Only Stratified cuboidal – Protection – Lines larger ducts of glands Transitional epithelium – Protection and ability to contract – Inner lining of bladder
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Glandular epithelium Exocrine glands—secrete into ducts that open to surface Endocrine glands—secrete into tissue fluid or blood
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Types of Exocrine Glands Classified by how they secrete their products 1.Merocrine gland – release water, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis 2.Apocrine gland – lose small portions of their cell bodies during secretion 3.Holocrine gland – entire cell lyses (disintegrates) during secretion
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Chapter 5 Section 3
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Connective Tissues Characteristics and Functions: – Connects – Supports – Transports – A lot of extracellular material between cells
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Categories: 1.Loose connective tissue 2.Adipose tissue 3.Dense connective tissue 4.Cartilage 5.Bone 6.Blood
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Tissue Fibers 1.Collagenous - composed of collagen - very strong 2.Elastic - composed of microfribrils -very elastic and stretchy 3. Reticular - provides delicate support
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1. Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue: – Forms thin membrane between organs – Beneath skin and between muscles – Components: Fibroblast cells – produce fibers collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers Macrophages – phagocytes (eat debris and bacteria)
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2. Adipose Tissue: Stores fat in droplets Acts as cushion and insulation
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3. Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue : – Made up of strong, collagenous fibers – Found in tendons and ligaments Tendons = muscle to bone Ligaments = bone to bone
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4. Cartilage: Provides supportive framework Lacks a direct blood supply; slow to heal Chondrocytes – cartilage cells found in spaces called LACUNAE 3 Types: 1.Hyaline cartilage – most common type; found on ends of bones and in nose 2.Elastic cartilage – very flexible; found in ears and parts of larynx 3.Fibrocartilage – very dense; forms padding between vertebrae and knees (high impact areas)
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Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
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5. Bone (Osseous): – Contains mineral salts (Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) and collagenous fibers (flexibility) – Osteocytes: bone cells – Active tissue that heals rapidly – Organized in round osteons
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6. Blood: Used for transportation Components: red cells (erythrocytes) white cells (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) - clotting Suspended in plasma
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Chapter 5 Sections 4 and 5
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Section 4 Muscle Tissue General Characteristics: -Expand and contract -Help with body movement Three types: -Skeletal -Smooth -Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle VOLUNTARY Attached to bones Cells are long and threadlike and multinucleated Contract when stimulated by nerve impulses Has STRIATIONS Image: Skeletal Muscle Fibers
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Smooth Muscle INVOLUNTARY Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, etc) No striations Ex: Helps move food through digestive system
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Cardiac Muscle INVOLUNTARY Found only in the heart Cells are striated and branched Has intercalated discs Uses rhythmic contractions
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Section 5 Nervous Tissue Neurons – nerve cells Neuroglia – support cells Found in: – Brain – Spinal cord – Peripheral nerves Help send signals to other neurons or muscles Coordinates and regulates body activities
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Chapter 5 Section 6 Types of Membrane
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Membrane: thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue surrounding and protecting organs Four types of Membranes: 1.Serous 2.Mucous 3.Cutaneous 4.Synovial
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1.Serous membrane -Lines cavities that lack openings to the outside -Filled with fluid -Ex: surrounds the heart 2.Mucous membrane -Lines body cavities opening to the outside such as digestive, respiratory, and reproductive -Secrete mucous -Ex: within the nose and mouth
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3. Cutaneous membrane - the Skin 4. Synovial membrane – lines the joints – made up completely of connective tissue
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