2. Aims of today’s session To have bit of fun. To give an overview of historical influences To define Hypnotherapy To look at different types of therapy

3. Definition of Hypnotherapist A therapist who utilizes hypnosis as a primary tool for assisting clients to achieve their goals. A Hypnotherapist often differs from others therapists by focusing on the role of subconscious behaviours and influences on the client's life.

4. Dr. John Kappas, Founder of the Hypnosis Motivation Institute defined the professional as one who; Induces hypnotic state in a client to increase motivation or alter behaviour patterns: Consults with client to determine nature of problem. Prepares client to enter hypnotic state by explaining how hypnosis works and what client will experience. Tests subject to determine degree of physical and emotional suggestibility. Induces hypnotic state in client, using individualized methods and techniques of hypnosis based on interpretation of test results and analysis of client's problem. May train client in self-hypnosis conditioning.

5. Types of therapy and historical influence Traditional hypnotherapy The form of hypnotherapy practiced by most Victorian hypnotists, including James Braid and Hippolyte Bernheim, mainly employed Direct suggestions of symptom removal therapeutic relaxation aversion to alcohol, drugs, etc. This simple form of treatment employed direct methods and continues to influence most subsequent forms of hypnotherapy.

6. Hypnoanalysis 1895 Sigmund Freud and Joseph Bruer published a seminal clinical text entitled Studies in Hysteria (1895) which promoted a new approach to psychotherapy. Freud and Breuer used hypnosis to regress clients to an earlier age in order to help them remember and abreact supposedly repressed traumatic memories.

7. Pierre Janet A French rival of Freud's who had already published a case study describing the use of age regression in hypnotic psychotherapy, a few years earlier So Freud gradually abandoned hypnotherapy in favour of his developing method of psychoanalysis Subsequent regression hypnotherapy was sometimes known as hypnoanalysis analytic hypnotherapy psychodynamic hypnotherapy

8. Uses in history for Hypnoanalysis Hypnoanalysis found support in both world wars where it was used by military psychiatrists as a rapid alternative to psychoanalysis in the treatment of sheelshock now known as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

9. Milton H Erickson one of the most influential hypnotists of the 20th century. From the 1950s onward, Erickson developed a radically different approach to hypnotism, which has subsequently become known as Ericksonian hypnotherapy or Neo-Ericksonian hypnotherapy. In this he used a more informal conversational approach with many clients and complex language patterns, and therapeutic strategies.

10. NLP The founders of Neurolinguistic programming (NLP), a methodology similar in some regards to hypnotism, claimed that they had modelled the work of Erickson extensively and assimilated it into their approach called the Milton Model.

11. Early History - Egypt it is known that ancient Egyptians used a form of it in their dream temples. Some ancient Egyptian paintings depict an apparently sleeping person with others who seem to be making hypnotic passes over them.

12. Mesmer (hence the term Mesmerism) Austrian doctor in the 18 th Century named Franz Anton Mesmer found he could cure people of different diseases without medicine or surgery. he believed he had a magnetic force which could regulate the flow of magnetic fluids in people to produce cure. In many cases his cures were successful and this method of healing came to be known as Mesmerism.

13. The rise of Mesmerism Mesmer believed that trance and healing were the result of the channelling of a mysterious "occult" force called “animal magnetism. In the mid-18th Century, this became the basis of a very large and popular school of thought termed "Mesmerism".

14. Uses Medical hypnosis Hypnosis in childbirth Hypnotherapy has long been used in relation to childbirth. It is used during pregnancy to prepare a mother for birth, and during childbirth to reduce anxiety, discomfort and pain. Hypnosis in surgery In the middle of the 19th century, Mesmerists used hypnosis to alleviate pain and distress during surgery. James Esdaile in India and John Elliotson in England were renowned for their work in this area. The founder of hypnotherapy, James Braid was a surgeon himself, specialising in muscular conditions, and reported many cases of minor surgery using hypnotism Psychotherapy Hypnotism was originally used to treat the condition known in the Victorian era as hysteria Modern hypnotherapy is widely used in the treatment of anxiety, subclinical depression and certain habit disorders, as well as in the treatment of conditions such as insomnia.

15. So is it voodoo or alternative therapy? British Medical Association (BMA) In 1892 commissioned a team of doctors to undertake an extensive evaluation of the nature and effects of hypnotherapy, they reported, ‘The Committee, having completed such investigation of hypnotism as time permitted, have to report that they have satisfied themselves of the genuineness of the hypnotic state.’ (British Medical Journal, 1892)

16. They added….. ‘The Committee are of opinion that as a therapeutic agent hypnotism is frequently effective in relieving pain, procuring sleep, and alleviating many functional ailments [i.e., psycho-somatic complaints and anxiety disorders].’ This report was approved by the general council of the BMA, thereby forming BMA policy and rendering hypnotherapy a form of "orthodox", as opposed to complementary or alternative, medicine.

17. ..and the up to date view of therapy In 1999, the British Medical Journal (BMJ) published a Clinical Review of current medical research on hypnotherapy and relaxation therapies saying "There is strong evidence from randomised trials of the effectiveness of hypnosis and relaxation for cancer related anxiety, pain, nausea, and vomiting, particularly in children.“ "They are also effective for panic disorders and insomnia, particularly when integrated into a package of cognitive therapy (including, for example, sleep hygiene)." "A systematic review has found that hypnosis enhances the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for conditions such as phobia obesity, and anxiety." "Randomized controlled trials support the use of various relaxation techniques for treating both acute and chronic pain.

18. Regulations and training. A BBC investigation found that the conditions for becoming registered as a hypnotherapist aren't always sufficient to prevent fraud: "The regulation of hypnotherapists in the UK is so lax that even a cat can become accredited, George the cat was registered with three hypnotherapy organisations." Similar results were found in the United States.

19. Hypnotherapy Organisations in the UK General Hypnotherapy Register is responsible for compiling a register of qualified therapists and has a code of conduct. Diploma in Integrative Hypnotherapy and Psychotherapy is a one year course leading onto an Advanced 2 nd year and then Master pathway to develop a practitioner with many therapies at their disposal.

20. Other ways of training In 2002, the Department for Education and Skills developed National Occupational Standards for hypnotherapy the Qualification and Curriculum Authority and hypnotherapy became an approved stand-alone therapy in UK. NCFE a national awarding body issues level four national vocational qualification diploma in hypnotherapy. (http://website.ncfe.org.uk/)http://website.ncfe.org.uk/