1. From Slavery to Freedom 9th ed.
Chapter 3
Establishing North American Slavery

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New Amsterdam
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3. Imperial Claims to North America
Early Settlements
Slaves played important role in Spanish efforts to gain foothold in North America
Africans part of establishment of San Miguel Gualdape, St. Augustine
Provided muscle to build new outposts
North American slavery emerged as Europeans struggled for colonies, trade, and key ports
In early years, most slaves imported from Caribbean, where they had been “seasoned”
Creoles – “born in the New World”
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North American colonies, 1650
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5. Imperial Claims to North America
Forms of North American Slavery
North American slavery in colonies assumed different forms depending on:
Founding circumstances
Laws of European homeland
Fluctuation in colonial jurisdictions
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6. Before Permanent Bondage
Early Virginia
70 to 85 percent of whites arriving at 17th century Chesapeake were indentured servants
No criteria for distinguishing slaves from servants
Terms of servitude flexible
Whites and blacks still differentiated by social distinctions of everyday practices and institutional form
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7. Before Permanent Bondage
New Netherland
Access to freedom more available
Legal codes did not establish fixed status of racial slavery
Manumission with qualifications available
“Half-freedom”
Annual dues to Dutch West India Company
Denied children free status
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Runaway slave advertisement
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9. Before Permanent Bondage
Massachusetts Bay
First colony to legally sanction slavery; law not racially or ethnically specific
Under Puritan social structure, slaves incorporated into families they served
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Baptism of slaves
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11. The Legalization of Slavery
Virginia Slave Codes
Legalization of slavery result of labor shortage
Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676 spurred enactment of stricter slave laws
Authorities troubled by black and poor white alliance
New laws coincided with growth in number of slaves
Black population restive; more laws passed to discipline slave population
Rights of free blacks limited, branded racial inferiors
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White and Black Populations in the British Colonies,
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13. The Legalization of Slavery
New York Slave Codes
Slave law enacted in 1702
Slave unrest
Insurrection in 1712; Mary Burton
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14. The Legalization of Slavery
New England’s Laws
In late 17th century, New England laws took away liberties previously enjoyed by blacks
Still had more rights than other British colonies
Could testify in court, sue, petition for freedom
Allowed to marry, but if owned by different masters forced to live apart
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15. The Legalization of Slavery
The Carolinas
Permanent servitude law before settlement began
John Locke – “every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves, of what opinion or religion soever”
Growth of black population led to laws to control activities of slaves
Slave patrols
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16. The Legalization of Slavery
Slave Courts
Enforcement of slave code through separate judicial system dispensing local and swift judgment
Slave Laws in French Louisiana
Prior to 1724 no hard and fast rules for racial subordination
Slave codes emerged after importation of large number of Africans
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17. The Legalization of Slavery
The Code Noir
Sought to reduce manumission and curb interracial mixing
Denied property rights; severe punishment for runaways
Required masters to provide religious instruction, adequate food and clothing
Outlawed separation of husbands and wives and taking children under 14 from parents
Law was often broken or ignored
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18. The Legalization of Slavery
Spanish Louisiana
After French transfer of Louisiana to Spain, slaves given more access to freedom
Spanish law of coartación allowed slaves to purchase freedom and caused increase in free black population
Access to freedom did not amount to full racial equality
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