1. Constant Density Spanners for Wireless Ad hoc Networks Kishore Kothapalli (JHU) Melih Onus (ASU) Christian Scheideler (JHU) Andrea Richa (ASU) 1

2. Ad hoc Networks ●Network created by wireless stations communicating over a wireless medium ●Two challenges –Lack of centralized infrastructure –Mobility 2

3. Ad hoc Networks ●Network created by wireless stations communicating over a wireless medium ●Two challenges –Lack of centralized infrastructure –Mobility ●Need topology control in ad hoc networks –Local control strategies are needed –Support time and energy efficient routing ●How to model ad hoc networks? –Need models that are close to reality –But can still design algorithms using the model 2

4. Modeling Wireless Networks ●Wireless communication very difficult to model accurately –Shape of transmission range –Interference –Mobility –Physical Carrier Sensing 3

5. Outline Introduction → Models of Wireless networks ●Our model ●Our results ●Problem description –Running Example ●Conclusions 4

6. Models of Wireless Networks ●Unit Disk Graph (UDG) –Given a transmission radius R, nodes u, v are connected if d(u,v) ≤ R –Too simple model 5 u R v u'

7. ●What is the problem? –Transmission range could be arbitrary shape 5 R R u R v u' u Models of Wireless Networks ●Unit Disk Graph (UDG) –Given a transmission radius R, nodes u, v are connected if d(u,v) ≤ R –Too simple model

8. ●Packet Radio Network (PRN) –Can handle arbitrary shapes –Widely used –Nodes u, v can communicate directly if they are within each other's transmission range, r t. 6 u v w v' Models of Wireless Networks

9. What is the problem? ●Model for interference too simplistic 7 u v w v'

10. ●w can still interfere at u ●PRN model fails to address certain interference problems in practice v n-2 s t ≤rt ≤rt ≤ r t ≤ r i ≥ r t 7 What is the problem? u v w v'

11. 8 ●Transmission Range, Interference Range –Separate values for transmission range, interference range. –Interference range constant times bigger than transmission range. –Used in e.g., [Adler and Scheideler '98], [Kuhn et. al., '04] Models of Wireless Networks u rtrt v w u' riri

12. 8 ●Transmission Range, Interference Range –Separate values for transmission range, interference range. –Interference range constant times bigger than transmission range. –Used in e.g., [Adler and Scheideler '98], [Kuhn et. al., '04] ●What is the problem? –Extension of unit disk model to handle interference Models of Wireless Networks u rtrt v w u' riri

13. 9 Outline Introduction Models of Wireless Networks → Our Model ● Our results ●Problem description –Running Example ●Conclusions

14. Our Model ●Transmission range, interference range via cost function ●Carrier sensing –Two types 1)Physical carrier sensing 2)Virtual carrier sensing 10

15. Cost Function ●G r = (V, E r ), set of nodes V, Euclidean distance d(,) ●c is a cost function on nodes –symmetric: c(u,v) = c(v,u) −  [0,1), depends on the environment –c(u,v)  [(1-  ) d(u,v), (1+  ) d(u,v)] ● Edge (u,v)  E r if and only if c(u,v) ≤ r w u v a b 11

16. Transmission and Interference Range ●Transmission range denoted r t (P), Interference range, r i (P) –If c(v,w) ≤ r i (P), node v can cause interference at node w. –If c(v,w) ≤r t (P) then v is guaranteed to receive the message from w provided no other node v' with c(v, v') ≤ r i (P) also transmits at the same time. 12 w rt(P)rt(P) v' ri(P)ri(P) u v c(v,w)  r t (P) c(v, v')  r i (P)

17. Physical Carrier Sensing ●Provided by Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) circuit: –Monitor the medium as a function of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) –Energy Detection (ED) bit set to 1 if RSSI exceeds a certain threshold –Has a register to set the threshold in dB 13

18. Physical Carrier Sensing ●Carrier sense transmission (CST) range, denoted r st (T, P) ●Carrier sense interference (CSI) range, denoted r si (T, P) ●Both the ranges grow monotonically in both T and P. w v r st (T,P) v' v'' 14 r si (T,P) c(w,v)  r st (T, P) c(w, v')  r si (T, P) c(w, v'')  r si (T, P)

19. Virtual Carrier Sensing 1. RTS s t 15 ●Done with the use of two control signals –Request To Send (RTS) –Clear To Send (CTS) ●DATA transmission begins after receipt of CTS

20. Virtual Carrier Sensing ●Done with the use of two control signals –Request To Send (RTS) –Clear To Send (CTS) ●DATA transmission begins after receipt of CTS 15 2. CTS s t

21. Virtual Carrier Sensing 15 3. DATA s t ●Done with the use of two control signals –Request To Send (RTS) –Clear To Send (CTS) ●DATA transmission begins after receipt of CTS

22. 16 Outline Introduction Models of Wireless Networks Our Model → Our Results ●Problem description –Running Example ●Conclusions

23. Our Results ●More general model for ad hoc wireless networks ●Constant density topological spanner for the original network –Local-control –Self-stabilizing [Dijkstra '74] –No knowledge of size or topology of network, including estimate of size –Nodes do not need globally distinct labels –Constant storage and constant size messages 17

24. 18 Outline Introduction Models of Wireless Networks Our Model Our Results → Problem Description –Running Example ●Conclusions

25. Topological Spanners ●Definition: Given a graph G = (V,E), find a sub- graph H = (V, E') such that d H (u,v) ≤ t d G (u,v) –H is also called a t-spanner. ●Previous Work –[Alzoubi et. al., '03] 5-spanner –[Dubhashi et. al., '03] log n – spanner 19

26. Our Approach 20 ●Dominating set: Given a graph G = (V,E) a subset U such that all nodes are either in U or have a neighbor in U. –Density of U is the maximum number of neighbors that any node has in U. Dominator Density = 3

27. ●Seek a connected dominating set of constant density. 20 Our Approach ●Dominating set: Given a graph G = (V,E) a subset U such that all nodes are either in U or have a neighbor in U. –Density of U is the maximum number of neighbors that any node has in U. Dominator Density = 3

28. Our Approach ●Each round has time slots reserved for each phase of the protocol 21 Time One round Phase IPhase II Phase III Phase IPhase IIPhase III ●Three phase protocol 1.Phase I: Dominating set 2.Phase II: Distributed Coloring 3.Phase III: Gateway Discovery

29. 22 Outline Introduction Models of Wireless Networks Our Model Our Results Problem Description → Running Example ●Conclusions

30. Phase I: Constant Density Dominating Set ●Observation: In G r = (V, E r ) any Maximal Independent Set (MIS) is also a dominating set of constant density ●Maximal Independent Set –well studied starting from [Luby '85], [Dubhashi et. al., '03], [Kuhn et. al., '04], [Gandhi and Parthasarathy '04] ●Our solution –Uncertainties in our model make it harder –Without knowing size of network, have to use physical carrier sensing –Randomized protocol that runs in O(log 4 n) w.h.p. 23

31. ●Nodes choose a state {Active, Inactive} ●Two different sensing thresholds: –active nodes use CSI range = r t –inactive nodes use CST range = r i 24 Inactive Active Phase I: Constant Density Dominating Set

32. ●If an active node sends a LEADER signal, the nodes that receive/sense the leader signal stay inactive Changed from Active  Inactive ●Nodes choose a state {Active, Inactive} ●Two different sensing thresholds: – active nodes use CSI range = r t – inactive nodes use CST range = r i 24 Inactive Active and sent LEADER Phase I: Constant Density Dominating Set

33. Dominators Inactive nodes ●Nodes choose a state {Active, Inactive} ●Two different sensing thresholds: –active nodes use CSI range = r t –inactive nodes use CST range = r i ●If an active node sends a LEADER signal, the nodes that receive/sense the leader signal stay inactive ●If no active node available, inactive nodes become active again 24

34. Phase II: Distributed Coloring ●U := output of phase I, also called active nodes ●Active nodes choose colors (equiv. time rounds) such that nodes that are not r i  r i apart have different colors. 25 riri riri u v w u v w

35. Output of Phase II ●Time arranged as rounds ●Each round has time slots reserved for communication in each phase ●Transmission of active node during the corresponding round is free of interference! 26 One round Phase IPhase II Phase III Phase IPhase IIPhase III Time

36. Phase III: Gateway Discovery ●Dominating set U may not be a connected dominating set –Extend U by gateway nodes. ●Observation: Each node in U needs O(1) gateways. ●Uses coloring achieved in Phase II to minimize interference problems ●Approach similar to that used in [Wang and Li, '03] 27

37. Phase III Gateway Discovery u l l' CLIENT(u) v ● If CLIENT messages interfere at active node, l, then the active nodes sends a COLLISION signal 28

38. Phase III Gateway Discovery ACK ● Eventually only one inactive node sends a CLIENT message to an active node 28 u l l' v

39. Phase III Gateway Discovery 28 ●After receiving ACK from l, u advertises presence of l via ADV message. ADV(u,l) (( () )) u l l' v

40. Phase III Gateway Discovery Phase III 28 GATEWAY(l,u,v,l') (( () )) u l l' v u l v Active node Inactive node Gateway node Gateway edge Other edges

41. 3-Spanner ●Our construction achieves a 3-spanner of constant density for the original network. ●Total runtime = O(log 4 n + (D log D) log n) whp. –D is the density of the original network 29 u l l' v s t Active node Inactive node Gateway node Gateway edge Other edges

42. 30 Outline Introduction Models of Wireless Networks Our Model Our Results Problem Description Running Example → Conclusions

43. Conclusions and Future Work ●More realistic model for wireless networks ●Still possible to design efficient algorithms –Constant density 3-spanner –Algorithms are simple and use constant sized messages, constant storage at nodes ●Further applications –Higher communication primitives e.g., broadcasting, gathering –Handling mobility 31