1. Page 658
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Figure 19-1a Classification of hormones. (a) Endocrine signals are directed at distant cells through the intermediacy of the bloodstream.

2. Page 658
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Figure 19-1b Classification of hormones. (b) Paracrine signals are directed at nearby cells.

3. Page 658
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Figure 19-1c Classification of hormones. (c) Autocrine signals are directed at the cell that produced them.

4. Figure 19-2 Major glands of the human endocrine system.
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Figure 19-2 Major glands of the human endocrine system.

5. Figure 19-3a Binding of ligand to receptor. (a) A hyperbolic plot.
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Figure 19-3a Binding of ligand to receptor. (a) A hyperbolic plot.

6. Figure 19-3b Binding of ligand to receptor. (b) A Scatchard plot.
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Figure 19-3b Binding of ligand to receptor. (b) A Scatchard plot.

7. Figure 19-4 Biosynthesis of T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland.
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Figure 19-4 Biosynthesis of T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland.

8. Page 663
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Figure 19-5 The roles of PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin in controlling Ca2+ metabolism.

9. Figure 19-6 Activation of vitamin D3 as a hormone in liver and kidney.
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Figure 19-6 Activation of vitamin D3 as a hormone in liver and kidney.

10. Page 668
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Figure 19-7 Hormonal control circuits, indicating the relationships between the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the target tissues.

11. Page 669
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Figure 19-8 Patterns of hormone secretion during the menstrual cycle in the human female.

12. Page 670
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Figure 19-9 X-Ray structure of human growth hormone (hGH) in complex with two molecules of its receptor’s extracellular domain (hGHbp).

13. Figure 19-10 Acromegaly. Page 670 © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Figure Acromegaly.

14. Figure 19-11 The NO synthase (NOS) reaction.
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Figure The NO synthase (NOS) reaction.

15. Figure 19-12 X-Ray structure of the oxygenase domain of iNOS.
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Figure X-Ray structure of the oxygenase domain of iNOS.

16. Page 674
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Figure Activation/deactivation cycle for hormonally stimulated AC.

17. Figure 19-14 General structure of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).
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Figure General structure of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

18. Figure 19-15 X-Ray structure of bovine rhodopsin.
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Figure X-Ray structure of bovine rhodopsin.

19. Page 676
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Figure Mechanism of receptor-mediated activation/ inhibition of AC.

20. Page 678
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Figure 19-17a Structural differences between the inactive and active forms of Gta (transducin). (a) Gta·GDP ribbon form.

21. Page 678
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Figure 19-17b Structural differences between the inactive and active forms of Gta (transducin). (b) Gta·GDP spacing-filling form.

22. Page 678
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Figure 19-17c Structural differences between the inactive and active forms of Gta (transducin). (c) Gta·GTPgS ribbon form.

23. Page 678
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Figure 19-17d Structural differences between the inactive and active forms of Gta (transducin). (d) Gta·GTPgS spacing-filling form.

24. Figure 19-18a X-Ray structure of the heterotrimeric G protein Gi.
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Figure 19-18a X-Ray structure of the heterotrimeric G protein Gi.

25. Page 679
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Figure 19-18b X-Ray structure of the heterotrimeric G protein Gi. (b) View related to that in Part a by a 90° rotation.

26. Figure 19-19 Mechanism of action of cholera toxin.
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Figure Mechanism of action of cholera toxin.

27. Figure 19-20a X-Ray structure of cholera toxin.
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Figure 19-20a X-Ray structure of cholera toxin.

28. Page 681
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Figure 19-20b X-Ray structure of cholera toxin. (b) The structure of only the B5 pentamer in which each subunit is binding CT’s GM1 receptor pentasaccharide.

29. Figure 19-21 Schematic diagram of a typical mammalian AC.
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Figure Schematic diagram of a typical mammalian AC.

30. Figure 19-22 The X-ray structure of an AC catalytic core.
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Figure The X-ray structure of an AC catalytic core.

31. Page 684
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Figure Domain organization in a variety of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamilies.

32. Page 685
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Figure The X-ray structure of the 2:2:2 complex of FGF2, the D2–D3 portion of FGFR1, and a heparin decasaccharide.

33. Figure 19-25 Schematic diagrams of RTKs.
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Figure Schematic diagrams of RTKs.

34. Page 687
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Figure 19-26a X-Ray structure of the PTK domain of the insulin receptor.

35. Page 687
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Figure 19-26b X-Ray structure of the PTK domain of the insulin receptor.

36. Page 688
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Figure 19-27a Growth pattern of vertebrate cells in culture. (a) Normal cells stop growing through contact inhibition once they have formed a confluent monolayer.

37. Page 688
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Figure 19-27b Growth pattern of vertebrate cells in culture. (b) In contrast, transformed cells lack contact inhibition; they pile up to form a multilayer.

38. Figure 19-28 Variation of the cancer death rate in humans with age.
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Figure Variation of the cancer death rate in humans with age.

39. Page 689
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Figure 19-29a Transformation of cultured chicken fibroblasts by Rous sarcoma virus. (a) Normal cells adhere to the surface of the culture dish.

40. Page 689
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Figure 19-29b Transformation of cultured chicken fibroblasts by Rous sarcoma virus. (b) On infection with RVS, these cells become rounded and cluster together in piles.

41. Figure 19-30 The two-hybrid system.
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Figure The two-hybrid system.

42. Page 691
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Figure 19-31a X-Ray structure of the 104-residue Src SH2 domain in complex with an 11-residue polypeptide containing the protein’s pYEEI target tetrapeptide.

43. Page 691
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Figure 19-31b X-Ray structure of the 104-residue Src SH2 domain in complex with an 11-residue polypeptide containing the protein’s pYEEI target tetrapeptide.

44. Page 692
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Figure The NMR structure of the PTB domain of Shc in complex with a 12-residue polypeptide from the Shc binding site of a nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor.

45. Page 693
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Figure X-Ray structure of the SH3 domain from Abl protein in complex with its 10-residue target Pro-rich polypeptide (APTMPPPLPP).

46. Figure 19-34 X-Ray structure of Grb2.
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Figure X-Ray structure of Grb2.

47. Figure 19-35 Structure of an insulin receptor substrate protein.
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Figure Structure of an insulin receptor substrate protein.

48. Page 695
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Figure X-Ray structure of the complex between Ras and the GEF-containing region of Sos.

49. Figure 19-38 The Ras-activated MAP kinase cascade.
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Figure The Ras-activated MAP kinase cascade.

50. Page 697
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Figure X-Ray structure of the Ras binding domain of Raf (RafRBD; orange) in complex with Rap1A·GDPNP (light blue).

51. Figure 19-40 MAP kinase cascades in mammalian cells.
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Figure MAP kinase cascades in mammalian cells.

52. Page 699
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Figure 19-41a Some examples of scaffold proteins that modulate mammalian MAP kinase cascades. (a) JIP-1.

53. Page 699
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Figure 19-41b Some examples of scaffold proteins that modulate mammalian MAP kinase cascades. (b) MEKK1.

54. Figure 19-42 Domain organization of the major NRTK subfamilies.
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Figure Domain organization of the major NRTK subfamilies.

55. Page 700
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Figure X-Ray structure of Src·ADPNP lacking its N-terminal domain and with Tyr 527 phosphorylated.

56. Figure 19-44a Schematic model of Src activation.
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Figure 19-44a Schematic model of Src activation.

57. Figure 19-44b Schematic model of Src activation.
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Figure 19-44b Schematic model of Src activation.

58. Page 702
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Figure The JAK-STAT pathway for the intracellular relaying of cytokine signals.

59. Page 703
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Figure X-Ray structure of the Abl PTK domain in complex with a truncated derivative of gleevec.

60. Page 705
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Figure X-Ray structure of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2.

61. Figure 19-48 X-Ray structure of the A subunit of PP2A.
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Figure X-Ray structure of the A subunit of PP2A.

62. Page 707
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Figure 19-49a Calcineurin. (a) X-Ray structure of human FKBP12·FK506–CaN.

63. Page 707
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Figure 19-49b Calcineurin. (b) X-Ray structure of human CaN with CaNA yellow, its autoinhibitory segment red, and CaNB cyan.

64. Figure 19-50 Molecular formula of the phosphatidylinositides.
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Figure Molecular formula of the phosphatidylinositides.

65. Figure 19-51 Role of PIP2 in intracellular signaling.
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Figure Role of PIP2 in intracellular signaling.

66. Page 709
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Figure A phospholipase is named according to the bond that it cleaves on a glycerophospholipid.

67. Page 709
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Figure Domain organization of the four classes of phosphoinositide-specific PLCs.

68. Page 710
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Figure X-Ray structure of phospholipase C-d1 lacking its N-terminal PH domain in complex with PIP3 and Ca2+ ions.

69. Page 711
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Figure X-Ray structure of the pleckstrin homology domain of PLC-d1 in complex with PIP3.

70. Page 712
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Figure X-Ray structure of the C1B motif of PKC in complex with phorbol-13-acetate.

71. Figure 19-57 Activation of PKC.
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Figure Activation of PKC.

72. Page 714
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Figure Flow chart of reactions in the synthesis of phosphoinositides in mammalian cells.

73. Figure 19-59 Domain organization of the 3 classes of PI3Ks.
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Figure Domain organization of the 3 classes of PI3Ks.

74. Figure 19-60 X-Ray structure of PI3Kg·ATP.
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Figure X-Ray structure of PI3Kg·ATP.

75. Figure 19-61 X-Ray structure of PI3Kg–Ras·GDPNP.
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Figure X-Ray structure of PI3Kg–Ras·GDPNP.

76. Page 716
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Figure NMR structure of the EEA1 FYVE domain in complex with PtdIns-3-P.

77. Figure 19-63 X-Ray structure of PTEN.
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Figure X-Ray structure of PTEN.

78. Figure 19-64 Insulin signal transduction.
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Figure Insulin signal transduction.

79. Table 19-1 Some Human Hormones – Polypeptides.
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Table 19-1 Some Human Hormones – Polypeptides.

80. Table 19-1 (continued) Some Human Hormones – Polypeptides.
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Table 19-1 (continued) Some Human Hormones – Polypeptides.

81. Table 19-1 (continued) Some Human Hormones – Steroids.
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Table 19-1 (continued) Some Human Hormones – Steroids.

82. Table 19-1 (continued) Some Human Hormones – Amino Acid Derivatives.
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Table 19-1 (continued) Some Human Hormones – Amino Acid Derivatives.