1. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms

2. Control of Gene Expression Transcriptional control Clustering of genes with related function Coordinate control of genes with related function Polycistronic mRNA

3. Inducible Genes - Operon Model Definition: Genes whose expression is turned on by the presence of some substance –Lactose induces expression of the lac genes –An antibiotic induces the expression of a resistance gene Catabolic pathways

4. Lactose Operon Structural genes –lac z, lac y, & lac a –Promoter –Polycistronic mRNA Regulatory gene –Repressor Operator Operon Inducer - lactose i Operon Regulatory Gene p oz y a DNA m-RNA  -Galactosidase Permease Transacetylase Protein

5. Lactose Operon Inducer -- lactose –Absence Active repressor No expression i p o z y a No lac mRNA Absence of lactose Active i p o z y a  -Galactosidase PermeaseTransacetylase Presence of lactose Inactive –Presence Inactivation of repressor Expression Negative control

6. Catabolite Repression (Glucose Effect) Definition: Control of an operon by glucose + glucose - glucose Time (hr) Units of  - galactosidase + lactose Glucose added Catabolic operons

7. Mechanism of Catabolite Repression c-AMP CAP (CRP) protein CAP-cAMP complex –Promoter activation Positive control Absence of glucose i po z y a Active  -Galactosidase PermeaseTransacetylase CAP Inactive ATP Adenyl cyclase c-AMP Maximum expression

8. Mechanism of Catabolite Repression Glucose  :cAMP  CAP (CRP) protein No CAP-cAMP complex –No Promoter activation Presence of glucose i p o z y a Inactive ATP Adenyl cyclase CAP X  -Galactosidase PermeaseTransacetylase Low level expression

9. Repressible Genes - Operon Model Definition: Genes whose expression is turned off by the presence of some substance (co-repressor) –Tryptophan represses the trp genes Biosynthetic pathways –Co-repressor is typically the end product of the pathway

10. Tryptophan Operon Structural genes –trp E, trpD, trpC trpB & trpA –Common promoter Regulatory Gene –Apo-Repressor Inactive Operator Leader Operon Co-repressor –Tryptophan R Operon Regulatory Gene POEDC 5 Proteins B A L Inactive repressor (apo-repressor)

11. Tryptophan Operon Co-repressor -- tryptophan –Absence of tryptophan Gene expression R POEDC 5 Proteins B A L Inactive repressor (apo-repressor) Absence of Tryptophan R POEDC No trp mRNA B A L Presence of Tryptophan Inactive repressor (apo-repressor) Trp (co-repressor) –Presence of tryptophan Activates repressor No gene expression Negative control

12. Attenuation Definition: Premature termination of transcription PO E 43 2 1 L DNA RNA ATG TGA 2 trp codons 1 43 2 Leader region –Leader transcript –Translation start –Translation stop –Tryptophan codons

13. 1 4 3 2 UUUUUUU 1 4 3 2 Attenuation Mutually exclusive mRNA secondary structure –region 1 : region 2 –region 2 : region 3 –region 3 : region 4 Coupled transcription and translation

14. Attenuation 1 2 4 3 UUUUUUU ATG TGA 2 trp codons 1 43 2 High tryptophanyl-t-RNA Attenuation ATG TGA 2 trp codons 1 43 2 1 4 3 2 UUUUUUU Low tryptophanyl-t-RNA No Attenuation

15. Regulation of Enzyme Activity Feed back inhibition Epigenetic modification –Post translational modifications Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Adenylation/deadenylation