1. Garbage Collection Introduction What is garbage and how can we deal with it? Garbage collection schemes Reference Counting Mark and Sweep Stop and Copy A comparison

2. How Objects are Created in Java An object is created in Java by invoking the new() operator. Calling the new() operator, the JVM will do the following: allocate memory; assign fields their default values; run the constructor; a reference is returned.

3. How Java Objects Memory Reclaimed Java does not provide the programmer any means to destroy objects explicitly The advantages are No dangling reference problem in Java Easier programming No memory leak problem

4. What is Garbage? Garbage: unreferenced objects Student ali= new Student(); Student khalid= new Student(); ali=khalid; Now Ali Object becomes a garbage, It is unreferenced Object Ali Object ail khalid Khalid Object

5. What is Garbage Collection? Finding garbage and reclaiming memory allocated to it. When is the Garbage Collection process invoked? When the total memory allocated to a Java program exceeds some threshold. Is a running program affected by garbage collection? Yes, the program suspends during garbage collection. Refference to ali object Refference to khalid object Khalid Object

6. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Modern Societies produce an excessive amount of waste? What is the solution? Reduce Reuse Recycle The same Applies to Java!!!

7. Reduce Garbage A Java program that does not create any objects does not create garbage. Objects used until the end of the program do not become garbage. Reducing the number of objects that may be used until the end of the program will reduce the amount of garbage generated.

8. Reuse Garbage Reuse objects instead of generating new ones. for (int i=0;i<1000000; ++i) { SomeClass obj= new SomeClass(i); System.out.println(obj); This program generates one million objects and prints them out. SomeClass obj= new SomeClass(); for (int i=0;i< 1000000; ++i) { obj.setInt(i); System.out.println(onj); Using only one object and implementing the setInt() method, we dramatically reduce the garbage generated.

9. Recycle Garbage Don't leave unused objects for the garbage collector. Put them instead in a container to be searched when an object is needed. Advantage: reduces garbage generation. Disadvantage: puts more overhead on the programmer.

10. Helping the Garbage Collector Sometimes we need the garbage collector to run more frequently. How we can help the collector? Eliminate all references to objects that are no longer needed This can be done by assigning null to every variable that refers to an object that is no longer needed

11. Reference Counting Garbage Collection Main Idea: Add a reference count field for every object. This Field is updated when the number of references to an object changes. Example Object p= new Integer(57); Object q = p; 57 refCount = 2 p q

12. Reference Counting (cont'd) The update of reference field when we have a reference assignment ( i.e p=q) can be impelmented as follows if (p!=q) { if (p!=null) --p.refCount; p=q; if (p!=null) ++p.refCount; } Object p = new Integer(57); Object q= new Integer(99); p=q; 57 refCount = 0 p q 99 refCount = 2

13. Reference Counting (cont'd) Advantages and Disadvantages + Garbage is easily identified. + Garbage can be collected incrementally. - Every object should have a reference count field. - Overhead for updating reference count fields.

14. Reference Counting (cont'd) What in case of indirect references? We can still use reference counting, provided we consider all references to an object including references from other objects. Object p = new Association(new Integer(57), new Integer(99));

15. Reference Counting (cont'd) When does reference counting fail? When head is assigned to null, first object reference count becomes 1 and not zero Reference counting will fail whenever the data structure contains a cycle of references next refCount = 1 ListElements refCount = 1 ListElements next refCount = 1 ListElements next head

16. Mark-and-Sweep Garbage Collection It is the first garbage collection algorithm that is able to reclaim cyclic data structures. Mark and sweep algorithm consists of two phases: mark phase sweep phase for each root variable r mark(r); sweep();

17. Mark and Sweep (cont'd) void sweep(){ for each Object p in the heap { if (p.marked) p.marked=false; else heap.release(p); } program

18. Mark and Sweep (cont'd) Advantages It correctly identifies and collects garbage even in the presence of reference cycles. No overhead in manipulating references. Disadvantages The program suspends while garbage collecting. Fragmentation problem.

19. Stop-and-Copy Garbage Collection This algorithm collects garbage and defragments the heap. The heap is divided into two regions: active and inactive. When the memory in the active region is exhausted, the program is suspended and : Live objects are copied to the inactive region contiguously The active and inactive regions reverse their roles The Algorithm for each root variable r r=copy(r,inactiveHeap); swap (activeHeap,inactiveHeap);

20. Stop-and-Copy Garbage Collection (cont'd) Object copy(Object p, Heap destination) { if (p==null) return null; if (p.forward==null) { q=destination.newInstance(p.class); p.forward= q; for each field f in p { if ( f is primitive type) q.f=p.f; else q.f= copy(p.f, destination); } q.forware = null; } return p.forware; } A’ null B’ null C’ null head inactive active

21. Stop-and-Copy Garbage Collection (cont'd) Advantages Defragments the heap. Disadvantages All objects should be copied when the garbage collector is invoked. It requires twice as much memory as the program actually uses.