1. Do We Need New Social Capital Indicators in Cross National Surveys? The Potential of "Old" and "New" SC Indicators. Julia Häuberer Workshop on Harmonisation of Social Survey Data for Cross- National Comparison, Prague, October 19, 2010

2. 2 Outline 1)Social Capital Theory 2)Commonly Used Measures and Their Problems 3)Measures of Structural Entities of SC and Their Potentials

3. 3 1) Social Capital Theory (1) Civic perspective (Putnam) vs. (2) Network Perspective (Lin) (1) relations between individuals  networks of civic engagement, norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness (2) structurally embedded resources in networks are social capital

4. 4 Vizualization of Putnams Concept Networks of Civic Engagement Generalized Trust Norms of Reciprocity + + +

5. 5 2) Commonly Used Measures and Their Problems International surveys mainly research on Civic perspective Problem at individual level: –non-covariation of associational activity and norms of reciprocity –mixed results regarding the relation between networks of civic engagement and social trust  Concept correct? Can we combine cultural and structural aspects of SC?

6. 6 Solution: Conceptualizing SC as Structural Entity Only Network, formal/informal Resources for expressive action Resources for instrumental action Network Size Range Openness/ Structural Holes Closure/Density Access to Social CapitalAccessed Social Capital + + - - - + + - cf. Häuberer, J. 2011. Social Capital Theory. Towards a Methodological Foundation. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

7. 7 3) Measures of Structural Entities of SC and Their Potentials Name Generator (Burt) Position Generator (Lin) Resource Generator (Van der Gaag, Snijders) 1)Social Relationships among Czech Citizens 2)Eurobarometer 62.2

8. 8 Czech Republic Survey: Social Relationships among Czech Citizens (2007/8) Telephone survey, CATI, Quota sample Test-retest study Test: 400 respondents (November 2007) Retest: 129 respondents (June 2008)

9. 9 Resource Generator How many of your (1) family members, (2) friends, (3) acquaintances will provide a specific resource? –Resources for expressive action Personal Support Social Capital –Resources for instrumental action Financial Skills Prestige Related SC.

10. 10 Reliability I – Pearson Correlations FamilyFriendsAcquaintances Help with repairs r0.5300.5490.562 N12312027 Shop for you r0.5120.4120.267 N12112227 Put in contact with good doctor r0.6010.5620.220 N110 24 Advice personal problems r0.6110.5300.019 N11812227 Put you up r0.6120.7640.831 N11911326 Advice legal problems r0.6180.5380.888 N119 27 Help find a job r0.3920.4830.468 N11110927

11. Reliability II CFA Family:.97 Friends:.88

12. 12 Validity I – Criterion Validity SexAgeEducation Life satisfaction Personal Support (test)r-0.033-0.2480.1380.051 N343 339 Personal Support (retest)r-0.024-0.3990.1660.102 N115 112 Financial Skillsr-0.1850.0130.1040.120 N129 126 Prestiger-0.269-0.0590.3850.169 N128 125

13. Validity II - Construct Validity N = 129; ** p<0.01, *p<0.05 chi2 = 74.757; df = 51; p = 0.017; GFI = 0.915; AGFI = 0.870; RMR = 0.031 RMSEA = 0.060  same as Van der Gaag and Snijder‘s study reveals

14. 14 International Comparison Eurobarometer 62.2 (2004) In the following situations would you be able to rely on friends, work colleagues, neighbours or acquaintances to receive help or support? Help with houshold tasks/ occasional care for household members/ personal care / help with paperwork/ discuss personal problems / borrow money, valuable goods/ help when harassed or assaulted

15. 15 Frequencies – Accessed Resources (Percent) All Post-Communist CountriesOther 013.611.115.1 116.317.415.6 218.520.517.2 318.520.317.4 49.610.39.2 57.26.77.5 65.34.85.6 74.23.84.5 86.85.17.8 Total100.0 Source: Eurobarometer 62.2

16. 16 First Results – Influencing Factors on Accessed Resources Independent variables stand. Beta Gender.069*** Age-.111*** Yrs. Education.133*** Bonding SC (dich).028*** Bridging SC (dich).104*** Contact to Friends.145*** Contact to Colleagues.026*** Contact to Neighbours.083*** Postcommunist Country (Dummy) -.027*** Source: Eurobarometer 62.2

17. 17 Conclusions RG applicable in different cultural settings –seems reliable, valid –empricial results support theoretical SC concept Shouldn’t we think of including the Resource Generator as standard item battery into international surveys?

18. Thank you for your attention! julia.hauberer@soc.cas.cz