1. Nondemocratic Rule

2. Defining Nondemocratic Rule Systems—authoritarianism and totalitarianism Few individuals exercise power Dictatorship Oligarchy No constitutional responsibility to public No right to choose leaders Limit, to varying degrees, other public rights

3. Authoritarianism: Regimes and Ideology May be combined in different ways Can be strongly ideological: fascism, communism Can be non-ideological: driven by whims of those in power Charismatic leader: popular individual who promotes their ideas; persuades others to follow; movement; tenuous legitimacy, if not institutionalized  ideas may die with leader Regime in negative sense— all decisions flow from leader without institutional boundaries

4. Totalitarianism and Nondemocratic Rule Often used interchangeably, but different Totalitarianism seeks to transform total fabric of society Use of force to break people, shatter institutions Terror, violence central

5. Society and Nondemocratic Rule Nondemocratic regimes have virtually no civil society May be a result of leaders’ actions to remove civic groups May be a result of lack of civic tradition Iran is former monarchy Highly educated society; restricted orgs Govt crackdown on international travel, demonstrations  intimidation, violence

6. Culture and Nondemocratic Rule Theory: culture, rather than ideology, shapes authoritarianism Democracy as a Western product Christianity Secularism (nonreligious) Individualism National identity and nation-state Are these values universal?

7. Nondemocratic Rule Beyond the West Non-Western cultures less receptive to democracy? Islam: tight connection between religion and state “Asian Values:” Confucian emphasis on community over individual Western democracy may appear anarchic, selfish in comparison

8. Nondemocratic Regimes and Political Control How do nondemocratic regimes stay in power? Coercion and Surveillance Cooptation Personality Cults Legitimacy?

9. Coercion and Surveillance Observation of, violence against people Targeted harassment, torture, killings, disappearing Widespread purges, indiscriminate terror Inculcation of fear necessary Secret police as tool to enforce

10. Cooptation Bring individuals into an organization through beneficial relationship Making people dependent on organization for benefits Cooptation present (if suspect) in democracy, but widespread in nondemocratic rule

11. Methods of Cooptation Corporatism Limited number of state-sanctioned organizations No private organizations allowed Organizations connected directly to state Clientelism Less structured method Public exchanges political support for specific favors or benefits Rent-Seeking: parts of state “rented out” to supporters Kleptocracy: rule by theft

12. Personality Cults Promotion of image of leader above mortal qualities Extraordinary wisdom and power Quasi-religious qualities Use of media to portray this image All failings ascribed to “lesser” people below him or her Terror: no one willing to state that leader is fallible

13. Non-Democratic Regimes and Legitimacy Non-democratic rule depends on both carrots (reward) and sticks (punishment) Can it nondemocratic rule be legitimate? An accepted form of rule? Charisma (Mao) Tradition (monarchs) Rationality (rule by unelected “experts”)

14. Models of Nondemocratic Rule Personal and Monarchical Rule Military Rule One-Party Rule Theocracy Illiberal Democracies

15. Personal and Monarchical Rule Claim that one person alone is fit to rule the country Ruler not subject of the state Often justified through charismatic or traditional legitimacy Patrimonialism: ruler depends on collection of supporters in the state who gain direct benefits from that rule

16. Military Rule Relatively recent development Military seizes control of state: coup d’etat Often justified as a temporary move Often lacks a specific ideology Bureaucratic authoritarianism: state bureaucracy and military support “rational” authoritarian rule as opposed to “emotional” democracy Many of these nondemocratic regimes transitioned to democracy, but not all

17. One-Party Rule Single political party monopolizes power, and other parties banned or excluded from power Party incorporates people into politics, though still a minority—cooptation primary feature Party control extends into community Benefits given to party members in return for support Leadership uses the party to mobilize and spread propaganda as needed

18. Theocracy Rule by God Faith is the foundation for the political regime Such a regime can be founded on any number of faiths Often the goal of fundamentalists

19. Illiberal/Hybrid Regimes Possess democratic mechanisms, but weakly institutionalized Executives typically hold tremendous power Democratic processes not respected Sudden changes, arbitrary withdrawal Media under state control State institutions under direct control of government (politicized) “Halfway house”—will become more democratic over time?

20. Is Nondemocratic Rule in Retreat? Expectation over much of past century that democracy had failed Opposite has taken place Dramatic expansion of democracy, especially in past two decades

21. Figure 6-2 AUTHORITARIANISM IN DECLINE, 1977–2007

22. The End of Nondemocratic Rule? Is nondemocratic rule on its way out? Will democracy eventually spread around the world? Will new ideologies or ideas come to revitalize authoritarianism?