1. The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations
Class 3: Introduction to International Relations
Eva wishanti

2. Introduction International Relations (IR) After Two World Wars War
Realism : state, power
World Politics diversity Pluralism

3. Six Periods of Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations
Before 1648
After Westphalia
Nineteenth Century Europe
Interwar Years
The Cold War
The Post-Cold War

4. Periodisasi Sejarah Penting dalam HI
History and Philosophy
A Series of world events
The world in the 21st century
Greek’s (political) philosophy
Renaissance
First World War
Second World War
Cold War
Changing world order
New challenges

8. Before 1648: The Pre-Westphalian World
The Sovereignties of the Greek city-states (400 B.C.)
Imperialism by The Roman Empire (50 B.C – 400 A.D.)
Centralization & Decentralization in the Middle Ages (400 – 1000)
Three civilizations: Arabic, Byzantine, Europe
The development of transnational networks in the Late Middle Ages (1000 – 1500)
a. Transnational Business Community
b. Individualist & Humanist
c. Writers on Classic Literature

9. Munculnya sistem Westphalia : Nation - States
Development of practical sovereignty
Sovereignty by Jean Bodin: absolute and perpetual power
The Growth of Military Control
The Thirty-years war ⇒ Treaty of Westphalia
The Emergence of Capitalist Economic System
Adam Smith: Invisible Hand of the Market ⇒ Capitalism

11. Europe in the Nineteenth Century
The Aftermath of Revolution: Core Principles
- Legitimacy
- Nationalism
Peace at the Core of the European System
- Solidarity sharing among European
- Fear of Revolution among independent states
- Unification of Germany and Italy
Balance of Power
Independent European states counteract predominant
states
The Breakdown: Solidification of Alliances
The end of Balance of Power system

12. Interwar Years and World War II
Three Empires are Weakened
Russia ⇒ New leader and new ideology
Austro-Hungary ⇒ Replaced by new states
Ottoman ⇒ Reconfigured and ousted from Europe
Fascism in Germany
- Mobilized support from the masses
- Superior civilization
The Weakness of League of Nations
- Prevent all future wars
- No political weight, legal instruments, legitimacy

13. The Cold War Origins of the Cold War
- The emergence of two superpowers: United States
and Soviet Union
- The incompatibilities in national interests and ideology
- The end of colonial system
- The realization of indirectly conflict
The Cold War as a Series of Confrontations
- High level tension with no military conflict
- Confrontations between proxies
- Confrontations between two blocs: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
The Cold War as a Long Peace
John Lewis Gaddis: to dramatize the absence of war
between superpowers

14. The Post-Cold War The Continuity of Glasnost and Perestroika in Soviet
- Glasnost: Political Openness
- Perestroika: Economic Restructuring
Changes of Soviet Foreign Policy
- Cooperate in multilateral activities to preserve
regional security
- Mark the post-Cold War era
Iraq Invasion of Kuwait in 1990
- The test of New World Order
- U.N. Security Council ⇒ Economic sanctions
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
- Disintegrates into independent states
- Bosnia-Kosovo civil war leading to U.N. and NATO
action

15. SUMMARY: Learning from History
How can we begin to predict what the current era is or what the future will bring?
How core concepts of international relations – the state, sovereignty, the nation, and the international system- have emerged and evolved over time?