1. INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

2. 2 Implemented in 12 countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East, through IUCN regional and national offices, with IUCN members and partners Coordinated from IUCN HQ in Gland, Switzerland Funded by UK’s DFID (Governance and Transparency Fund) Apart from national actions, the project includes global and regional actions on key topics, among them protected areas

3. 3 Improving governance related to natural resources that support local livelihoods Empowering civil society to better manage natural resources and influence decision-making Supporting local governance for greater community benefits and livelihood security

4. 4  Countries of the world have committed to political systems that:  Increase and improve democracy  Respect human rights  Reduce or eradicate poverty  Increase equity and eliminate discrimination  Seek sustainability in development  Need to apply the same principles to PA

5. 5 Governance over natural resources is important because it affects the achievement of management objectives (effectiveness), the sharing of costs and benefits (equity) and helps to ensure support (community, political and financial) for the sound management of natural resources Decentralized PA governance can help ensure more effective and responsive management, The rule of law is essential to protect natural resources. Effective governance is vital to secure the poverty reduction potential of natural resources. Effective governance helps reduce conflicts and Unsustainable use of natural resources.

6. 6  For IUCN, governance of natural resources is the complex set of norms, institutions and processes that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are taken, and how citizens participate in the management of natural resources.  Governance is about who has power - influence and decision-making capacity; and how decision-makers are held accountable.  The interpretation of governance and of means to achieve good governance are very varied

7. 7  The debate about « good governance »: a model or comparable principles?  The agreed approach: improve governance through implementation of principles  Two key aspects on PA:  Principles of good governance  Recognition of a diversity of institutional models

8. 8 All stakeholders are able to have a say with respect to a PA establishment and management 1. Legitimacy and voice Management and responsibility for PAs should be at the lowest level possible 2. Subsidiarity All too often the benefits stemming from Pas are reaped by stronger parties 3. Fairness

9. 9 Local populations will not find themselves more vulnerable or poorer because the establishment of PAs 4. Do no harm It is important to have a clear vision for the PAs long term direction which is shared by all key stakeholders 5. Direction PA need to strike a balance between achieving biodiversity conservation and being responsive to the concerns of stakeholders 6. Performance

10. 10 Roles and responsibilities need to be clear, clearly communicated and decision-makers need to be accountable 7. Accountability All relevant information is available to all stakeholders 8. Transparency Basic human rights, such as the right of freedom of opinion, the right to own property, etc. should be respected 9. Human rights

11. 11 10. Capacities11. Rule of law12. Coherence

12. Bottom end of scaleTop end of scale Legitimacy and voice Subsidiarity Fairness There is no dialogue. Stakeholders are not engaged or consulted. PA decisions are made top- down, There is discrimination and no consensus. There is significant dialogue. All stakeholders have a say. PA decisions are made collectively and based on consensus. There is no discrimination. Management & responsibility are centralised and ineffective Costs & benefits not shared OR not shared equitably. Local communities are very poor and lack livelihood security Costs & benefits are shared equitably. Communities have improved, sustainable income opportunities and greater livelihood security. Management & responsibility for PAs are decentralised, more effective and better able reflect local needs

13. Governance Principle Actions Legitimacy and voice Multi stakeholder Platforms are established to support dialogue Decision-making structures that include various interests are in place Consultation meetings are held Protected area management plans are established/updated further to various stakeholder group meetings and input A process to include stakeholder concerns in PA management and/or establishment is in place Subsidiarity Local institutions to manage PAs are established Institutions that manage PAs include local representation Ethnic minorities are represented on the management authority for PAs and/or their input has been considered Fairness A system for assessing costs and benefits of PAs is in place A system for sharing costs and benefits is in place Benefits from well-managed PAs are shared in an equitable manner Legal frameworks are respected and effectively and impartially enforced, particularly the laws on human rights. Do no harm Poverty levels remain stable or drop Local people’s living standards remain the same or improve Local people’s options for their livelihoods remain the same or improve Local cultural practices, norms, livelihood strategies and values are respected and not affected.

14. Governance Principle Actions Direction There is a consistent and inspiring long term vision for the PA Local people are involved in the development of the long term vision Building compatibility and maintaining a consistent approach between PA planning instruments and plans and policies at all other relevant levels and sectors. Avoiding conflicts between decisions made in different sectors and levels. Performance Resource use follows established standards Management plans are in place and followed Management effectiveness can be measured according to established tools (such as METT) Good financial planning including a fund raising plan and implementation of fees and other self financing instruments. Accountability Management plan and/or other established document outlines roles and responsibilities clearly All stakeholders know their respective roles and responsibilities with respect to PAs as demonstrated by surveys Systems are in place to hold people accountable Reporting demonstrates that all roles and responsibilities are clearly established Transparency All relevant information is available to all stakeholders A process is in place for information sharing at the local PA level

15. Governance Principle Actions Capacities Capacity needs assessments are carried out to develop a base line for different stakeholders. Capacity is in place for all stakeholders to be involved in relevant decision- making and other aspects of PA governance. Awareness raising campaigns for government and other actors, using culturally, linguistically appropriate mechanisms. Promotion of learning exchanges and networks.