1. Chapter # 7
Verb?

2. What is verb?
A verb is a word used primarily to indicate a type of action, such as to fly or to study, though it may also be used to indicate a general state of existence, such as to live, to be and so on.
Verbs
Main Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs

3. Main Verbs? Look at the main verbs in the following sentences:
Transitive Verbs
The main verb, also known as lexical verb, is a verb that has meaning on its own. You can understand what is said when someone just mention any main verb on its own.. And main verbs can also be used with one or more helping verbs.
Look at the main verbs in the following sentences:
They always wait for the 6 o'clock train.
Every day the dog waits for the postman.
I am waiting for a friend.
We waited for three hours.
Intransitive Verbs
Ditransitive Verbs
Linking Verbs
Dynamic Verbs
Static Verbs
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs

4. Auxiliary Verb?
Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to construct the verb phrase. They fall into two groups:
Auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to express mood or tense.
Auxiliary Verbs
Primary
Modal

5. Primary Auxiliary Verbs?
Primary auxiliaries Primary auxiliary verb is verb which is used to express only tense. The primary auxiliaries are: be, have, and do. They are used in clauses such as:
I am eating bread. They have eaten bread. You do eat bread.
Primary auxiliaries can also work as main verbs. For example:
I am happy to see these names included. I have a new life now and new friends. We do things that are controversial.

6. Modal Auxiliary Verbs?
Modal auxiliaries Modal auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to express modality OR
Modal auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to add some special meanings to the main verbs of the sentence
Modal auxiliary verb is a verb which is used to express only mood.
Modal auxiliary verbs cannot work as main verbs and normally appear with a main verb. The full list is…
Will/ may/ can/ must/ ought to/shall/ might/ could/ would and should
You study English. (simple present tense)
You should study English. (advisability)

7. Usages of modal auxiliary verbs…
Primary Usage: the main (common) use of a modal is called primary usage.
I can teach English language. (ability)
I will go to Canada next month. (future plan)
I could play volleyball three years ago. (past ability)
Secondary Usage: the other uses of a modal is called secondary usage.
He can be sick . (possibility)
will you bring me a glass of water? (request)
She could be sick. (possibility)

8. Characteristics of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary + simple form of verb
can (a) Shabana can play the violin.
Not followed by “to”
can (a) Shabana can to play the violin.
Not in past form
can (a) Shabana can played the violin.
No -ing form
can (a) Shabana can playing the violin.
No final -s
can (a) Shabana can plays the violin.

9. WILL
Let’s study…
SHOULD
CAN
WOULD
MAY
COULD
MIGHT
OUGHT TO
SHALL
MUST

10. Expressing Ability: Can & Could
I can’t believe that!
I can win next year
CAN
Present
Future
Dolphins can jump
very high

11. Could could = past form of can Continued….. Ability in the past
When we were in college, we could play chess for hours.
When I was 20, i could run very fast.

12. Expressing Possibility: May & Might
(a) It may snow this week.
(b) It might snow this week.
may, might Present or future possibility
Ahmad Might be sick that is why he did not come to class today
The weather might be rainy.
Might
May

13. maybe “possibly” beginning of sentence may be = may + the main verb be
Let’s Compare…
Maybe the test will be hard.
The test may be hard.
adverb
maybe “possibly”
beginning of sentence
verb
may be =
may + the main verb be

14. I _______ done with may be this project tomorrow. maybe may be
Let’s practice
I _______ done with
this project tomorrow.
may be
maybe
may be 14

15. _______ I’ll be done with this project tomorrow. Maybe
Let’s practice
_______ I’ll be done with this project tomorrow.
Maybe
maybe
may be 15

16. Using “COULD” to express possibility
This could be a long walk
Present Possibility
It could be rainy tomorrow
Future Possibility

17. I don’t think it’s serious. It could be just a weak battery.
Why isn’t this working?
I don’t think it’s serious. It could be just a weak battery.
present
possibility
Could = 17

18. This error could cause problems in the whole company.
future
possibility
Could = 18

19. ? present I’d like to visit a beautiful place. future
Let’s practice
present
future
I’d like to visit a beautiful place.
We could go to Thailand. ? 19

20. Let’s practice ?
Oh, no! This could be a problem!
present
future 20

21. ? This car doesn’t run. The battery could be dead. present future
Let’s practice
This car doesn’t run.
The battery could be dead. ?
present
future 21

22. Expressing (giving) Permission: May & Can
(i) Yes, you may borrow my pen.
(j) Sure, you can borrow my pen.
more formal
less formal
may permission
can often used, too
May
Can
(i) Yes, you may not borrow my pen.
(j) Sure, you can’t borrow my pen.
more formal
less formal
may deny permission
can often used, too

23. The boss told me that we ____ use the new color printer. can
Let’s practice
maybe
can
The boss told me that we ____ use the new color printer.
can 23

24. (a) May I please take your picture?
Polite Questions (asking for permission): May I, Could I & Can I
POLITE QUESTION
(a) May I please take your picture?
(b) Could I please take your picture?
(c) Can I please take your picture?
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
Yes.
Of course.
Okay.
Sure.
Yes. Of course.
Certainly.
Sorry, not today.
Yes. Certainly.
Uh-huh.

25. ? Can I please borrow your car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice25

26. ? May I borrow your car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice26

27. ? Could I borrow please your car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice27

28. Would you please sit still?
Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you
Would you please sit still? 28

29. (a) Would you please explain that again?
Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you
POLITE QUESTION
(a) Would you please explain that again?
(b) Could you please explain that again?
(c) Will you please explain that again?
(d) Can you please explain that again?
basically the same meaning 29

30. (a) Would you please explain that again? (b) Could you please
Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you
POLITE QUESTION
POLITE ANSWERS
(a) Would you please
explain that again?
Yes.
Sure.
Uh-huh.
Yes. Of course.
(b) Could you please
explain that again?
Certainly.
Okay.
(c) Will you please
explain that again?
Of course. I’d be glad to.
(d) Can you please
explain that again?
I’m sorry. I don’t have time. 30

31. POLITE QUESTION (a) Would you please explain that again?
Polite Questions (requests): Would you, Could you, Will you and Can you
POLITE QUESTION
(a) Would you please
explain that again?
INCORRECT:
May you please
explain that again.
(b) Could you please
explain that again?
(c) Will you please
explain that again?
(d) Can you please
explain that again?
can is less formal 31

32. ? Could you wash my car yesterday? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice32

33. ? Will you wash my car, please? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice33

34. ? May you please wash my car? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice34

35. They should go home and get some rest.
Expressing Advice: Should and Ought to
You need to study.
You should not go out.
You need to study.
You shouldn’t go out.
They should go home and get some rest.
should
ought to
I have a headache. I take a nap. 35

36. Let’s practice I need a book about geology. You should go
to the library. 36

37. Let’s practice I need a book about geology. You ought to go
to the library. 37

38. He’d better be careful. His pan is on fire!
Had better usually = warning 38

39. You’d better quit watching TV all day.
Let’s practice
You’d better quit watching
TV all day.
Possible bad results? 
eat too much
catch a cold
hurt your eyes
not study enough
not exercise enough    39

40. He’d better not walk there.
Let’s practice
He’d better not walk there.
Possible bad results? 
fall
get hurt
get the flu
be embarrassed
fail a test   40

41. He’d better stay awake in school.
Let’s practice
He’d better stay awake in school.
Possible bad results? 
miss something
get hurt
get in trouble
fail a test
get the flu   41

42. It is late. We have to go home
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
I need to hurry.
I have to go to
soccer practice.
This man has to wear
ear protection.
It is late. We have to go home 42

43. I want to become a doctor. I go to medical school. have to have got to
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
I want to become a doctor.
I go to medical school.
have to
have got to
must
have to
have got to
must
same
meaning
something is necessary
Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane. 43

44. informal conversation written instructions
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
I have to go to soccer practice.
We’ve got to go home.
Everyone must wear a seatbelt
on an airplane.
have to
have got to
must
common
informal conversation
written instructions 44

45. Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come?
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car?
Did they all have to come?
have to
have got to
must
Questions 45

46. Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come?
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car?
Did they all have to come?
have to
have got to
must
Questions 46

47. Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car? Did they all have to come?
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car?
Did they all have to come?
have to
have got to
must
Questions 47

48. We had to clean up the mess.
Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must
We had to clean up the mess.
Past form:
have to
have got to
must
had to 48

49. Let’s practice ?
YES NO
CORRECT
Do I must wash all the dishes? 49

50. Let’s practice ?
YES NO
CORRECT
Do I have to wash all the dishes? 50

51. ? Do I have got to wash all the dishes? CORRECT YES NO Let’s practice51

52. not allowed not necessary
Expressing Lack of Necessity: Do not Have to, Expressing Prohibition: Must not
You mustn’t talk on the phone
while you are driving.
I mowed the yard yesterday. I don’t have to mow it this weekend
not allowed
not necessary 52

53. Degree of Certainty (present):
For 100% certainty: Simple present tense (state) and present continuous tense (action).
For 95% certainty: must (must+be+verb/ing).
For less than 50% certainty: may, might, could + be + verb/ing).
Examples:
You are in the class. (situation)
Ahmad is studying. (action)
That boy must be a teacher. (situation)
Ahmad must be studying. (action)
Ali might be at home. (situation)
She might be dancing. (action)

54. Degree of Certainty (present): (Negative)
For 100%: present (negative)
For 99%: can’t, couldn’t  impossibility
For 95%: must not
For less than 50%: may not/ might not
Examples:
You are not in Afghanistan. (situation)
He is not studying. (action)
Ahmad can’t be the president of USA.
He must not be watching TV.
Ali might not be in the class.

55. Giving instructions: Imperative Sentences
Turn right, please. Then drive five miles to the hotel
Sit down, please. I want to talk to you
Listen to me!
Order
Request
Directions 55

56. give commands make polite requests imperative give directions
Giving instructions: Imperative Sentences
Order
REQUEST
DIRECTIONS
(a) Sit down!
(b) Sit down, please.
(c) Turn right. Then drive five miles.
give commands
make polite requests
give directions
imperative
sentences 56

57. Making suggestions: let’s, shall, why don’t we
Let’s + verb: when we include ourselves.
Why don’t I/ we/ you
Shall I/ we
Examples:
Let’s play tennis.
Why don’t you learn Arabic?
Why don’t we cancel the class today?
Why don’t I take that chair out?
Shall I drive the car?
Shall we eat outside today?

58. Would rather simple form of verb
Stating preferences: Prefer, Like…..better, would rather + verb
(e) Ali would rather have a cat than a dog.
(f) INCORRECT: Ali would rather has a cat.
(g) I’d rather buy dinner than cook it.
(h) INCORRECT:
I’d rather buy dinner than to cook it.
I’d rather buy dinner than cooking it.
Would rather simple form of verb 58

59. polite situations / offers a choice
Stating preferences: Prefer, Like…..better, would rather + verb
(i) I’d/You’d/She’d/He’d/We’d/They’d rather
have a motorcycle.
Contraction of would = l’d.
(j) Would you rather have a car or a motorcycle?
would rather or
polite situations / offers a choice 59

60. I would rather play badminton ____ tennis. than
Let’s practice
than to
I would rather play badminton ____ tennis.
than 60

61. That is it!