1. EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis, and Protein synthesis Christopherson

2. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis I

3. Photosynthesis Function To produce glucose (food) for producers The formula for glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6

4. Photosynthesis: How? Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

5. Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis: Plants

6. Bacteria

7. Protists – ex/ Green Algae

8. Photosynthesis: Location Producer Leaf Leaf Cross-section Chloroplast Chlorophyll: Pigment

9. Pigments Found inside the thylakoid Absorb sunlight energy and give plants their color.

10. Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Sunlight Energy Reactants What is needed Products What is produced

11. Cell Respiration I: ATP and Anaerobic Respiration Christopherson

12. Purpose of Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP The process in which glucose (food) is broken down into ATP (usable energy) C 6 H 12 O 6

13. ATP Structure phosphates Contains adenosine, sugar, and three phosphates

14. Does ATP have ENERGY? YES

15. Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Reactants Need? Products Produced? ATP +

16. Anaerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs without oxygen present

17. Organisms that undergo Anaerobic Respiration: All living things

18. Process: Anaerobic Respiration Simple Organisms Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C Pyruvate: C-C-C and C-C-C ATP Fermentation

19. Breaking down of Pyruvate: Simple Organisms - Result Pyruvate is broken down into waste. It’s trash. This process is Fermentation. Pyruvate

20. Breaking down of Pyruvate Simple Organisms Bacteria Yeast

21. Process: Anaerobic Respiration Complex Organisms Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C Pyruvate: C-C-C and C-C-C ATP To the Mitochondria (Aerobic Respiration)

22. Aerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs with oxygen present

23. Organisms that undergo Aerobic Respiration: Complex Organisms (Everything BUT Bacteria and Yeast)

24. Mitochondria Function: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell Location: Throughout the cell

25. Aerobic Respiration RESULT C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP O2O2 O 2 is the key to the mitochondria

26. DNA Structure and Discovery Christopherson

27. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is a Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide

28. Structure of a Nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose 3. Nitrogen Base a. Adenine b. Thymine c. Cytosine d. Guanine

30. Structure of DNA Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen Bases

31. Practice with Base Pairing A T C G G C T A C G A T T A G C C G A T G C T A Sugar and Phosphate

32. Cell Cycle Summary

33. What is a Body Cell? All the cells that make up the “body” of an organism.

34. What is a Homologous Pair? A pair of chromosomes that are very similar; one is from your mom and the other from your dad

35. Diploid? Formula: 2n n = the number of chromosomes 2 = that homologous pairs are present -Normal number of chromosomes in organisms body cell

36. Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell

37. Purpose of the Cell Cycle To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction

38. Location of the Cell Cycle Within an organisms body cells

39. 1 st Step of the Cell Cycle Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by making more organelles and cytoplasm (G1 and G2); Replicates DNA (S)

40. 2 nd Step of the Cell Cycle Mitosis: The replicated DNA is separated Made up of PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

41. 3 rd Step of the Cell Cycle Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell

42. End Result of the Cell Cycle Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

43. If an organism has 50 chromosomes and it undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?

44. If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?

45. What is a GENE? Instruction manual for our body Portion of the DNA that “codes” (has the directions) for a specific trait.

46. Where is a Gene? Within DNA The nitrogen bases spell out the instructions

47. RNA Ribonucleic Acid Make up of Nucleotides Contains Phosphorus

48. RNA Nucleotide A B C Phosphate Ribose Nitrogen Base Guanine Cytosine Adenine Uracil

49. How is DNA different from RNA?

50. DNA versus RNA: # of Strands 1 strand2 strands

51. DNA versus RNA: Sugar DeoxyriboseRibose

52. DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine AdenineThymineAdenineUracil DNARNA

53. What are the types of RNA?

54. mRNA Function Copy a message from a gene on DNA DNA mRNA

55. tRNA Function Carries amino acids to mRNA mRNA Amino Acids

56. Brief summary of Protein synthesis A protein is made from a gene on DNA

57. Brief Summary of Transcription Make mRNA from a gene on DNA

58. Transcription Animation Transcription Animation #2

59. Transcribe the following TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGT DNA AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA mRNA

60. Location of Translation Ribosome

61. Brief Summary of Translation Make a protein from mRNA

62. AUG CGC GGA UCC UCA UAA mRNA UACAGUAUUAGGCCUGCG Met Ser Stop SerGl y Arg Three base sequence in mRNA is called a codon Codon Ribosome A ribosome attaches to mRNAA tRNA anticodon matches with a mRNA codon Anticodon Codon Another tRNA anticodon matches with a codon rRNA forms a peptide bond between the amino acids Peptide Bond First tRNA leaves and the ribosome shifts. A new tRNA fills empty space. Another peptide bond is formed and the process continues A protein has been made ProteinAmino acid

63. Translation Animation #1

64. TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP DNA mRNA Amino Acid

65. Mutations

66. What is a mutation? Change in the DNA nitrogen base sequence of a gene

67. How do Mutations Occur? Damaged DNA caused by agents such as sunlight, smoke, radiation; It can also be inherited

68. Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat

69. Example of Point Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia

70. Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation

71. Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting in a different sequence of DNA. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at

72. Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation