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Professional Skills Urology Core Module
Trustin Domes
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Outline Brief Anatomy of Scrotum and Prostate
Physical Examination: CVA, Scrotum and DRE Case Scenarios LUTS Hematuria Upper and lower urinary tract obstruction Scrotal Masses/Pain
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Anatomy of Scrotal Contents
Vessels: Testicle has 3 arterial blood supplies: Testicular artery Cremasteric artery Deferential artery Pampiniform venous plexus Lymphatics Nerves Cremasteric muscle/fascia Vas deferens
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Anatomy of Scrotal Contents
Vas is the most posterior component of spermatic cord Tunica vaginalis surrounds the anterior 2/3rd of the testicle and creates a potential space for hydroceles and hematoceles
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Clinical Anatomy of the Prostate
—Schematic shown in sagittal view of prostate illustrates normal zonal description of prostatic anatomy. Verma S , Rajesh A AJR 2011;196:S1-S10
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Prostate Anatomy Peripheral Zone = 85% of prostate cancer originate in this zone, therefore are detected on DRE Transition Zone = site of benign prostatic hyperplasia
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CVA and Ballottement If CVA tenderness think: Renal colic
Pyelonephritis Significant renal trauma Renal vascular occlusion If you can ballot the kidney think: - Large renal mass - Polycystic kidney disease - Severely hydronephrotic kidney
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Physical Examination of the Scrotum
Best to examine the man in both the supine and upright positions Helps to demonstrate conditions that change with position: hernias and varicoceles Bimanual examination of each testicle, adenxa and spermatic cord Testicular size, consistency, masses, tenderness Normal testis size cc (2 x 4 cm) Examine cord upright (+/- valsalva) to assess for presence of vas deferens, inguinal hernia and varicocele
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Cremasteric Reflex Reflex elicited by stroking the medial thigh causes an ipsilateral contraction of the cremasteric muscle (bringing the testicle closer to the external inguinal ring) Reflex tests L1-L2 (genitofemoral nerve responsible for afferent and efferent limbs) Typically absent in testicular torsion Negative predictive value of over 90%
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Transillumination Important to help differentiate solid from fluid-filled masses Hydroceles and spermatoceles will transilluminate, other scrotal masses typically WILL NOT Hydrocele
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Varicoceles Dilated veins of the paminiform plexus
Predominant left-sided (98%) Isolated right-sided varicocele may be caused by a retroperitoneal NEED abdominal imaging Varicocele grading: Grade I: palpable only with valsalva Grade II: easily palpable without valsalva Grade III: large, visible through scrotal skin Grade III: “bag of worms”
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Digital Rectal Examination
Comment on: Prostate Size Symmetry Consistency Tenderness Nodules Rectal/Anal Masses Rectal Tone
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Prostate size Average prostate size is approximately 25 cc in men
older than 50 years 25 cc 150 cc How many finger-breadths across? Can you get to the top (base)?
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